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    Item type:Publication,
    Social Capital and Economic Growth: An Analysis in South America
    (2025) ;
    Ximena Morales-Urrutia
    Social capital has emerged as a key variable in explaining regional economic disparities, yet its multidimensional nature complicates measurement and policy design. In the South American context, characterized by institutional fragility and inequality, the impact of social capital on economic growth remains empirically ambiguous. Methods This study employs a quantitative methodology using panel data from 2007 to 2023 across nine South American countries. Data is sourced from the Legatum Prosperity Index, focusing on five elements of social capital: family relationships, social networks, interpersonal trust, social tolerance, and civic participation. Econometric analysis is conducted using instrumental variables and two-stage least squares models to address endogeneity. Results The econometric findings reveal heterogeneous effects among dimensions of social capital. Civic participation and family relationships exhibit a significant positive association with economic growth, while social tolerance and interpersonal trust show negative or inconsistent impacts. Notably, social networks instrumentalized in the model have a negative and significant relationship with growth, suggesting potential inefficiencies in their current form. The presence of endogeneity and multicollinearity among variables highlights the complexity of causality in this domain. Conclusions Social capital plays a critical, yet context-dependent, role in fostering economic development in South America. While some dimensions such as civic engagement promote inclusive growth, others may reinforce exclusion or inefficiencies depending on institutional quality and social structure. Policymakers should therefore target specific aspects of social capital, promoting civic participation and inclusive networks while addressing institutional weaknesses. Future research should explore longitudinal dynamics and the interaction of social capital with digitalization and labor market transformation.
  • Some of the metrics are blocked by your 
    Item type:Publication,
    Social Capital and Economic Growth: An Analysis in South America
    (2025) ;
    Ximena Morales-Urrutia
    Social capital has emerged as a key variable in explaining regional economic disparities, yet its multidimensional nature complicates measurement and policy design. In the South American context, characterized by institutional fragility and inequality, the impact of social capital on economic growth remains empirically ambiguous. Methods This study employs a quantitative methodology using panel data from 2007 to 2023 across nine South American countries. Data is sourced from the Legatum Prosperity Index, focusing on five elements of social capital: family relationships, social networks, interpersonal trust, social tolerance, and civic participation. Econometric analysis is conducted using instrumental variables and two-stage least squares models to address endogeneity. Results The econometric findings reveal heterogeneous effects among dimensions of social capital. Civic participation and family relationships exhibit a significant positive association with economic growth, while social tolerance and interpersonal trust show negative or inconsistent impacts. Notably, social networks instrumentalized in the model have a negative and significant relationship with growth, suggesting potential inefficiencies in their current form. The presence of endogeneity and multicollinearity among variables highlights the complexity of causality in this domain. Conclusions Social capital plays a critical, yet context-dependent, role in fostering economic development in South America. While some dimensions such as civic engagement promote inclusive growth, others may reinforce exclusion or inefficiencies depending on institutional quality and social structure. Policymakers should therefore target specific aspects of social capital, promoting civic participation and inclusive networks while addressing institutional weaknesses. Future research should explore longitudinal dynamics and the interaction of social capital with digitalization and labor market transformation.
  • Some of the metrics are blocked by your 
    Item type:Publication,
    Social Capital and Economic Growth: An Analysis in South America
    (2025) ;
    Ximena Morales-Urrutia
    Social capital has emerged as a key variable in explaining regional economic disparities, yet its multidimensional nature complicates measurement and policy design. In the South American context, characterized by institutional fragility and inequality, the impact of social capital on economic growth remains empirically ambiguous. Methods This study employs a quantitative methodology using panel data from 2007 to 2023 across nine South American countries. Data is sourced from the Legatum Prosperity Index, focusing on five elements of social capital: family relationships, social networks, interpersonal trust, social tolerance, and civic participation. Econometric analysis is conducted using instrumental variables and two-stage least squares models to address endogeneity. Results The econometric findings reveal heterogeneous effects among dimensions of social capital. Civic participation and family relationships exhibit a significant positive association with economic growth, while social tolerance and interpersonal trust show negative or inconsistent impacts. Notably, social networks instrumentalized in the model have a negative and significant relationship with growth, suggesting potential inefficiencies in their current form. The presence of endogeneity and multicollinearity among variables highlights the complexity of causality in this domain. Conclusions Social capital plays a critical, yet context-dependent, role in fostering economic development in South America. While some dimensions such as civic engagement promote inclusive growth, others may reinforce exclusion or inefficiencies depending on institutional quality and social structure. Policymakers should therefore target specific aspects of social capital, promoting civic participation and inclusive networks while addressing institutional weaknesses. Future research should explore longitudinal dynamics and the interaction of social capital with digitalization and labor market transformation.
  • Some of the metrics are blocked by your 
    Item type:Publication,
    Social Capital and Economic Growth: An Analysis in South America
    (2025) ;
    Ximena Morales-Urrutia
    Social capital has emerged as a key variable in explaining regional economic disparities, yet its multidimensional nature complicates measurement and policy design. In the South American context, characterized by institutional fragility and inequality, the impact of social capital on economic growth remains empirically ambiguous. Methods This study employs a quantitative methodology using panel data from 2007 to 2023 across nine South American countries. Data is sourced from the Legatum Prosperity Index, focusing on five elements of social capital: family relationships, social networks, interpersonal trust, social tolerance, and civic participation. Econometric analysis is conducted using instrumental variables and two-stage least squares models to address endogeneity. Results The econometric findings reveal heterogeneous effects among dimensions of social capital. Civic participation and family relationships exhibit a significant positive association with economic growth, while social tolerance and interpersonal trust show negative or inconsistent impacts. Notably, social networks instrumentalized in the model have a negative and significant relationship with growth, suggesting potential inefficiencies in their current form. The presence of endogeneity and multicollinearity among variables highlights the complexity of causality in this domain. Conclusions Social capital plays a critical, yet context-dependent, role in fostering economic development in South America. While some dimensions such as civic engagement promote inclusive growth, others may reinforce exclusion or inefficiencies depending on institutional quality and social structure. Policymakers should therefore target specific aspects of social capital, promoting civic participation and inclusive networks while addressing institutional weaknesses. Future research should explore longitudinal dynamics and the interaction of social capital with digitalization and labor market transformation.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Explaining Financial Inclusion in the European Union: A Panel Data Analysis of Macroeconomic Determinants (2004–2023)
    (MDPI AG, 2026-06-26) ;
    Benítez-Gaibor, Marcela Karina
    ;
    Barreno-Córdova, Carlos
    ;
    Córdova-Pacheco, Ana
    ;
    Lema-Chicaiza, Micaela
    This study examines the relationship between financial inclusion and economic development in the European Union by analyzing its macroeconomic determinants across 26 countries over the period of 2004–2023. Using a balanced panel dataset, the empirical analysis employs econometric techniques that account for heterogeneity, autocorrelation, and cross-sectional dependence, leading to the estimation of a Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) model. Financial inclusion is proxied by the number of automated teller machines per 100,000 adults, while the explanatory variables include GDP per capita, personal remittances, inflation, years of schooling, unemployment, and foreign direct investment. The results show that GDP per capita, remittances, inflation, and unemployment have a positive and statistically significant effect on financial inclusion, whereas education and foreign direct investment exhibit a negative and significant relationship. These findings suggest that financial inclusion in the European Union is shaped by a complex interplay of economic development, labor market conditions, and external financial flows, rather than by structural factors alone. Notably, the results reveal counterintuitive relationships that challenge conventional assumptions about the roles of education and foreign investment in promoting financial access. This study contributes to the literature by providing updated panel evidence for advanced economies and by emphasizing the multidimensional nature of financial inclusion in a context of increasing digitalization and economic integration. The findings also offer relevant policy implications, suggesting that strategies to enhance financial inclusion should go beyond expanding financial infrastructure and instead focus on improving the effective use of financial services, strengthening financial capabilities, and reducing structural disparities across countries. © 2026 by the authors.
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    Psychopedagogy and the Fields of Action of Educational Psychologists
    (2023)
    Castillo Bustos M.R.
    ;
    This work analyzes the essential aspects of Psychopedagogy as a scientific discipline and educational psychologists’ main fields of action. It is theoretical research developed with the hermeneutic method. The problem identification reveals excessive divergences in Psychopedagogy’s conceptions and other aspects. In the empirical phase, little difference is observed between Psychopedagogy and psycho-pedagogical practice; Psychopedagogy has been generally and loosely linked to formal education, to unique or specific educational needs, and learning problems in the school context. Regarding the fields of action of educational psychologists, the existing information is minimal. In the interpretative phase, the findings in the theoretical, methodological, and praxeological order reveal that Psychopedagogy has as its object of study the learning and development of the human being; it directs the psycho-pedagogical practice given from the principles of prevention, development, and social action. Hence, the fields of action of psychopedagogy are all those contexts in which human learning takes place, highlighting formal education and integral development; family and interpersonal relationships; health and body care; business, labor, and professional development; and the meaning of life and values, all of which is supported by the fact that human beings, as social beings by essence, learn, develop and transform throughout life. © 2023, North American Business Press. All rights reserved.
      67
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    Inclusive education and psychological wellbeing: Support strategies for students in diverse settings
    This study examines the relationship between inclusive education and psychological wellbeing, emphasizing pedagogical and institutional strategies that promote students’ active participation in diverse educational contexts. The purpose of the research is to analyze the main barriers affecting inclusion and emotional wellbeing in school settings and to identify support strategies with the greatest perceived impact on students’ engagement and retention. A qualitative, hermeneutic-interpretative approach was adopted, based on a documentary review of scientific literature published between 2020 and 2025. Peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and institutional reports were selected from recognized databases such as Scopus, SciELO, ERIC, and IEEE Xplore. The analysis focused on inclusive education, psychological wellbeing, teacher training, socioemotional strategies, and educational policy. The results reveal that the most significant barriers to inclusive education are insufficient teacher training in inclusive and socioemotional practices (reported in 85% of the reviewed studies), the disconnect between pedagogical strategies and students’ psychological needs (78%), and the lack of adaptive educational resources (72%). Additionally, limited emotional support systems and weak institutional policies oriented toward wellbeing contribute to higher levels of demotivation and school dropout, particularly in vulnerable regions. Conversely, strategies such as Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) showed the highest perceived impact, with effectiveness scores of 4.6 and 4.4 out of 5, respectively. The study concludes that inclusive education cannot be achieved without systematically addressing students’ psychological wellbeing. Integrating socioemotional education, strengthening teacher training, and aligning public policies with inclusive and human-centered approaches are essential to fostering equitable, safe, and meaningful learning environments. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive educational models that connect pedagogical, emotional, and institutional dimensions.</jats:p>
      4
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    Determining of university desertion: survival analysis
    University desertion is the subject of analysis by several authors over the years. The different causes for which a student abandons his studies and the ways to reduce it, entail the interest of the study. The research was positive with a quantitative approach. The data collection was carried out through a survey, and an observation sheet to the student’s files, we proceeded with the analysis of the Kaplan Meier survival curve, on a base made up of 1078 undergraduate students enrolled in the first semester. in 2014 with follow-up to 2019. It is concluded that the existing university dropout factors are personal and social. The incident variables are age, gender, marital status, region, school, family, venue, modality, homologation, and career. There are no significant differences in ethnicity, school, age and quintile, averages. © 2022, Associacao Iberica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informacao. All rights reserved.
      105
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    The Natural Environment and Investment in Economic Growth: From the Perspective of the Prosperity of Developed and Developing Countries
    (2025)
    Ximena Morales-Urrutia
    ;
    ;
    Rubén Nogales-Portero
    ;
    Evelin Yanez-Toapanta
    This research aims to identify the environmental factors that affect economic growth in developed and developing countries using a panel data regression model. In advanced economies, restrictions on international investment, emissions, the use of natural resources, and environmental preservation efforts stand out as influential variables. In contrast, in developing countries, contract enforcement, emissions, and exposure to air pollution are key determinants of economic performance. This study concludes that the natural environment plays a more significant role in the economic growth of developed countries, due to their greater capacity to implement sustainability policies. In developing countries, institutional conditions and environmental management are more relevant, highlighting the need to strengthen legal frameworks and invest in mitigation measures to achieve sustainable economic development.
      33
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    Collaborative Work Mediated by ICT To Strengthen Reading Comprehension in Language and Literature
    (2025) ;
    Ana Urrego
    ;
    Edwin Acuña-Checa
    This study addresses the challenge of improving reading comprehension in secondary students within rural educational contexts, where traditional methods often fail to foster interpretation and critical thinking. It evaluates the impact of ICT-mediated collaborative strategies on reading performance in Language and Literature. A quasi-experimental design was applied in an Ecuadorian public school, involving 180 students divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group engaged in eight weeks of interactive activities using digital tools such as Genially, Padlet, and Storyjumper. Results showed a significant improvement in the experimental group’s performance (from 6.4 to 8.1 average), along with increased motivation and classroom engagement. These findings confirm the effectiveness of integrating collaborative digital strategies to enhance reading comprehension. The originality of this study lies in its contextualized application of ICT tools at the secondary level, offering scalable pedagogical insights for broader educational innovation.
      19