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    Artificial Intelligence in Marketing: A Bibliometric Study
    Nowadays, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing and transforming businesses. In the field of marketing, it has enabled the optimization of strategies and campaigns, content personalization, more precise segmentation, and maximization of planning results, thanks to its ability to process and analyze data. The research aims to provide a bibliometric approach to current knowledge on AI in marketing. The methodology involved a bibliometric review by obtaining indexed research papers from the SCOPUS database, which were then analyzed using the VOSviewer application. The results identified that countries such as the United States, India, and China have the highest scientific production on the subject. Additionally, it was revealed that the most relevant knowledge areas are engineering, management and business, and accounting. In this context, it is concluded that it is crucial for companies worldwide to observe the advancements made by these countries to replicate strategies according to their needs. Considering that AI, thanks to the internet, is accessible for all types of businesses, they only need to identify opportunities and key areas to apply AI tools and train their personnel.
      32
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    Effect of the Real Wage on the Basic Family Basket in Ecuador
    (2024) ;
    Morales-Urrutia X.
    ;
    Haro D.L.
    ;
    Chancay D.
    The effect of real wages on the basic family basket in Ecuador is a crucial issue in understanding households’ economic well-being. The real wage, which considers inflation and purchasing power, directly affects the ability of families to purchase essential goods and services. Analysis of this relationship provides insight into families’ challenges in meeting their basic needs and the potential implications for poverty and inequality in Ecuador. The study's objective is to analyze the purchasing power of the Ecuadorian population through data on real wages and basket costs from 2000 to 2021. The data analyzed comes from the Central Bank and INEC databases. The results indicate a sustained increase in the basic basket throughout the 2000–2021 period, which shows an increase in the prices of goods and services throughout the country. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
      53
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    Technological Elements Affecting SMEs: A Bibliometric and Theoretical Review
    In this study, a combined review of the technological elements that affect small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is conducted as a first step towards new automation proposals through a theoretical and bibliometric analysis. The bibliometric review identifies research trends, leading countries such as the United Kingdom and China, and influential authors who stand out in the adoption of technologies in SMEs. The data shows an exponential growth in publications over the last two decades, highlighting the topic’s relevance in academic research. The theoretical review delves into the implementation of technological tools such as knowledge management, information and communication technologies, and the digitalization of business models to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness. The study highlights how automation, artificial intelligence, and supply chain management have improved company performance by optimizing resources and reducing costs. However, barriers such as limited access to financing and a lack of technological skills persist. It is determined that SMEs must adopt a culture of innovation and leverage international collaboration to integrate emerging technologies, improve sustainability, and compete effectively in an ever-changing global market
      16
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    Differential Performance of Satellite Navigation in Urban and Rural Andes of Ecuador
    (2024)
    David Rivas-Lalaleo
    ;
    Víctor Bautista-Naranjo
    ;
    ;
    Tatiana Freire-Guachamín
    ;
    Jefferson Pilicita-Veloso
    This study assesses the effectiveness of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in Ecuador, a country situated on the equator, where unique challenges include elevated ionospheric activity and increased solar radiation. It focuses on the accuracy of major satellite navigation systems such as GPS, Glonass, and Galileo in various environments, from open fields to urban areas with dense building coverage. Using a satellite communication module and a data logger capturing information every second, the study provides a detailed comparison of these systems. The findings indicate that a combination of GPS and Glonass significantly enhances accuracy, reducing errors to less than 20 cm, which is crucial for high-precision applications in the equatorial region. This outcome is consistent with and expands the understanding of satellite navigation performance across different Andean landscapes, highlighting the need for tailored approaches in both urban and rural settings within the equatorial context. In summary, the research reaffirms the transformative role of geopositioning and GNSS in global navigation and emphasizes the potential for improving GNSS accuracy in the equatorial region. It contributes significantly to ongoing efforts to optimize geopositioning systems, ensuring their effectiveness in diverse geographical and environmental conditions, as exemplified in the Andean regions of Ecuador.
      6
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    Bibliometric study for CO2 measurement using IoT: Looking for the Latin American contributions
    (2022)
    Páez-Carabajo J.-D.
    ;
    Huerta M.-K.
    ;
    Rivas-Lalaleo D.
    ;
    ;
    Clotet-Martinez R.
    In recent years, the number of deaths due to environmental pollution has increased. The main air pollutants are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. These are produced by the consumption of fossil fuels in vehicles, industrial activity, and agricultural practices, among others. Various technologies have been used to detect carbon dioxide (CO2), including the Internet of Things (IoT). However, no studies have been carried out to visualize the impact of IoT on CO2 monitoring and which countries are focused on minimizing emissions. This work shows a bibliometric study for CO2 environmental sensing using IoT. SCOPUS was the selected database, and PRISMA was the methodology used. The first search returned 13.207 documents written between 2013 and 2022, after filtering selected keywords, selecting only English articles, and abstract review we selected finally 79 documents for the measurement of CO2 using IoT. The results of analyzing them, show that the Asian countries produces more than the western countries, where India and Indonesia are leading. Also is interesting to note that the USA and Latin America produced the same quantity of documents, where the four countries contributing to Latin America are Brazil, Mexico, Peru, and Ecuador. The main area of knowledge covered by the documents was Engineering with 25 percent followed by computer sciences, and 40 percent of documents were published by IEEE. Finally, the Latin American contributions to this field are outlined, verifying in detail the architectures for the proposed solutions with emphasis in sensors. © 2022 IEEE.
      24
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    Organizational Commitment in Savings and Credit Cooperatives
    (2024)
    Shaina Johanna Sisa
    ;
    ; ;
    Ximena Morales-Urrutia
    With globalization and technological advancements, companies face changes that require a culture of continuous learning and adaptation. The changes effectively managing can determine an organization's success in a dynamic environment. Organizational Commitment (OC) is crucial as it measures employees' identification, belonging, and loyalty. In Ecuador, savings and credit unions and non-profit financial institutions decreased from 817 active entities in 2015 to 408 in 2023, functioning as an important source of employment. It is essential to determine the OC level and analyze its variables. Therefore, a bibliometric review was conducted to identify the scientific production on the subject, followed by a systematic review to substantiate and identify methods for measuring OC. The Meyer and Allen scale test was applied to 169 employees of a cooperative union. The data was processed using SPSS to perform a descriptive and correlational analysis with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design. The sample was evenly split between men and women, revealing connections between study dimensions and areas for improvement..
      13
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    Human Capital and Per Capita Income in Ecuador
    (2024) ;
    Morales-Urrutia X.
    ;
    Mesias J.P.M.
    ;
    Yucsin K.
    Human capital and per capita income are crucial in Ecuador’s economic development. Human capital, represented by the population’s education, health, and skills, directly influences the productivity and economic growth of the country. In turn, per capita income reflects citizens’ average income level and ability to access goods and services. The data analyzed comes from the World Bank database from 2000 to 2020. The main results indicate significant improvements in human capital due to various education and training strategies that different governments have applied. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
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    Analysis of the Automation of the Commercial and Distribution Process in the Footwear Sector of Ambato
    (2025)
    Brandon Trujillo
    ;
    ; ;
    Marco Antonio Ríos
    Digital transformation integrates advanced technologies to optimize efficiency and enable automation without human intervention, thereby facilitating decision-making. Organizations rely on operational processes that structure and streamline internal activities, enhancing both productivity and performance. Currently, innovation and automation contribute to reducing errors, optimizing resource use, and ensuring quality in the delivery of products and services. This study analyzes the application of technologies, automation, and commercial and distribution processes, all of which are essential for managing sales operations and ensuring efficient product delivery. To assess the level of automation within organizations, an initial instrument comprising 40 questions was applied. However, it yielded a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.764, leading to its rejection due to insufficient reliability. Following a literature review, relevant technologies and tools used in organizational, commercial, and distribution processes were identified. Based on this analysis, a new instrument was developed, consisting of 32 questions and 172 items. This revised instrument underwent expert validation and achieved a reliability coefficient of 0.862, indicating high internal consistency. The instrument's applicability was tested through a pilot study involving 35 footwear companies located in Ambato, Ecuador. The results reveal that, although the use of technology demonstrates a positive correlation with customer growth (0.242), the influence remains modest. Moreover, the automation of commercial and distribution processes does not exhibit a statistically significant relationship with customer growth. These findings suggest that digitalization efforts alone are not sufficient to drive business expansion. Instead, they must be complemented by more effective marketing and commercialization strategies to fully capitalize on the potential of digital tools and automation. © 2025 IEEE.
      12
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    Boosting Accuracy and Reducing Time in Laser Shooting Practices: Video Processing Solutions for Impact Evaluation
    (2024)
    David Rivas-Lalaleo
    ;
    Víctor Bautista-Naranjo
    ;
    ;
    Erika Iza-Chango
    ;
    Pamela Lema-Jumbo
    This study explores the most effective method for impact measurement in laser shooting ranges, crucial for security training, accident prevention, and cost reduction. It utilizes video surveillance and image processing algorithms in Python to accurately determine laser impact locations. The research found that employing a single target per silhouette is most efficient, minimizing errors to ±1 impact and enabling heat map generation for feedback. The combination of video surveillance and image processing significantly enhances safety and reduces costs by providing real-time data. The findings advocate for the single target approach due to its precision and the comprehensive insights gained from heat maps, maintaining accuracy within a two-hit margin.
      19
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      28