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    Inclusive higher education for students with special educational needs: review of advances, challenges, and future directions
    (2026)
    Esparza Yánez, Wilmer  
    ;
    Lorenzo Hidalgo, Alejandro Ernesto  
    ;
    Camaño Carball, Lilian  
    ;
    Israel Vinueza-Fernández
    ;
    García Pérez, Dianet  
    Inclusive education (IE) in Higher Education (HE) has become a global priority, driven by the mandate of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). However, the implementation remains uneven, characterized by fragmented institutional responses and conceptual ambiguities. This article presents an international, critical narrative review of the advances and persistent challenges concerning IE for Students with Special Educational Needs (SEN) and Students with Disabilities (SWDs). A narrative review was conducted on international peer-reviewed literature and policy documents published mainly between 2015 and 2025. The analysis is critically structured around six dimensions: (1) conceptualizations of SEN and disability; (2) characteristics and academic trajectories of SWDs; (3) institutional and pedagogical models; (4) the use of digital and assistive technologies; (5) legislative and policy frameworks; and (6) the economic and financial costs associated with inclusion. The review confirms a necessary paradigm shift from the reactive Medical Model to the proactive, Rights-Based Model. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and innovative, student-centered pedagogies are crucial tools for systemic change, supported by the transformative potential of emerging technologies like AI and Virtual Reality for personalization. Despite these advances, a critical gap persists between policy and practice. Major challenges include the persistent lack of faculty readiness to implement UDL effectively, fragmented policy management, and inadequate financial models that treat inclusion as a cost rather than an investment. Achieving genuine equity in HE requires moving beyond minimal legal compliance toward an integrated, systemic commitment. Future research must focus on longitudinal studies measuring the impact of UDL on retention, efficacy of faculty training, and developing robust, bifurcated financial models. The ultimate success hinges on redesigning the educational environment—pedagogically, technologically, and financially—to establish diversity as the institutional norm.
      18
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    Analyzing barriers to the effective implementation of technological tools in inclusive education: a scoping review
    (2025)
    Humberto Murillo-Jiménez
    ;
    Marco Centeno-Alarcón
    ;
    Buele, Jorge  
    ;
    Francisco Yumbla
    Introduction: Digital accessibility and inclusive pedagogy are central to achieving equitable education systems worldwide. Yet, the integration of technological tools for students with disabilities remains inconsistent, often limited to fragmented initiatives without long-term institutional or policy support. Understanding the structural barriers that constrain digital inclusion is crucial for transforming technology into an enabler of educational equity rather than a source of further exclusion. Methods: This study conducted a scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines to identify and analyze barriers affecting the implementation of educational technologies in inclusive education. A systematic search across six databases (ERIC, Scopus, ACM Digital Library, EBSCOhost, Wiley Online Library, and Web of Science) yielded nine primary studies published between 2015 and 2025. Data were thematically synthesized through inductive–deductive coding to identify recurring structural, pedagogical, and policy patterns. Results: The findings reveal persistent deficits in teacher training and digital competence, technological and infrastructural limitations, economic constraints, and weak enforcement of inclusion policies. Additionally, attitudinal barriers, including low expectations toward students with disabilities and limited institutional accountability, hinder sustainable progress. Positive factors, such as teacher initiative, institutional commitment, and universal design-based practices, partially mitigate these challenges, demonstrating the potential of inclusive technologies when supported by coherent policy and training structures. Conclusion: Ensuring genuine digital inclusion requires embedding accessibility and universal design as structural components of education systems. Sustainable progress depends on coordinated governance, investment, and professional development that bridge the gap between policy and classroom practice. Registration: This review was registered in Open Science Framework: 10.17605/OSF.IO/T5K7Y. Copyright © 2025 Murillo-Jiménez, Centeno-Alarcón, Buele and Yumbla.
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    Pedagogical Methodology and Inclusive Education
    (2025)
    Olalla, Verónica  
    ;
    Londoño Proaño, Cristián  
    ;
    Mantilla, Mónica  
    Pedagogical methodologies in inclusive education are aimed at guaranteeing the right of all students to learn under equal conditions, recognizing and valuing diversity in the classroom. These methodologies are characterized by their flexibility, personalization, and student-centered approach. Among the most prominent are Universal Design for Learning (UDL), cooperative learning, multilevel teaching and project work, which allow content, processes and assessments to be adapted in different styles, rhythms and learning needs according to the needs of students. Therefore, these strategies promote participation, peer collaboration, and the development of cognitive and socio-emotional competencies. It is said that effective inclusion requires the teacher to act as a mediator, adjusting their practices according to the particularities and needs of the group with continuous training in attention to diversity. In addition, inclusive methodologies integrate technological tools, differentiated assessments and accessible materials to eliminate barriers in the development of learning and thus not only improve the academic performance of students with special educational needs, but also the classroom climate and the learning of the entire school community become different, thus consolidating a fairer education, equitable and quality.
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