Centro de Investigación en Empresa, Sociedad y Tecnología

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El Centro de Investigación en Empresa, Sociedad y Tecnología -ESTec tiene como misión la investigación del comportamiento de organizaciones, empresas e individuos en relación con la selección y uso de tecnologías y el desarrollo de innovaciones. Adicionalmente, el ESTec se interesa por investigar el comportamiento humano y organizacional en el marco de los esfuerzos de sostenibilidad que llevan adelante nuestras sociedades.

El ESTec mediante sus esfuerzos de investigación busca generar conocimiento útil para la sociedad y para sus integrantes a fin de que puedan aprovechar los avances de la tecnología y contribuir a un desarrollo sostenible.

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Artificial Intelligence Anxiety in the Educational Context: Psychometric Adaptation of the Scale on a Sample of Russian Students
(Moscow Polytechnic University, 2026-06-24)
Maksimenko, A. A.
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Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Zabelina, E. V.
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Kurapov, S. V.
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Pevneva, A. N.
Today, there is a growing anxiety about artificial intelligence in the educational space, which greatly affects the willingness to make technological decisions and plan for one's professional future. In empirical studies, AI anxiety is defined as a complex phenomenon including a range of negative emotional responses that shapes in people due to development and potential impact of artificial intelligence on various spheres of life. Given the impact of AI anxiety on learning, career choices, participation in the digital economy, and mental well-being, there is a need for its holistic conceptual description and reliable diagnosis. The aim of the study is to present a reliable and valid Russian-language tool for diagnosing AI anxiety in students. The adopted basis and modified for a student sample (N = 521) "Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scale" (M.H. Alkhaibani et al.) showed an acceptable level of the external and internal validity as well as reliability on internal consistency. The factor analysis confirmed the five-factor structure of the questionnaire: concerns related to AI accuracy and reliability; concerns related to academic integrity (plagiarism); and concerns stemming from regulatory uncertainty (guidelines), fears of loss of learning and cognitive skills, as well as a decrease in motivation. External validity is confirmed by the correlations with neuroticism and conscientiousness as personality traits, image of the future, attitude towards artificial intelligence, and some socio-demographic characteristics. Adapted and modified psychodiagnostic tool for studying AI anxiety opens up opportunities for research on a Russian-speaking student sample. © Максименко А.А., Круз-Карденес Х., Забелина Е.В., Курапов С.В., Певнева А.Н., 2020. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
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Comparative analysis of previous YOLO detectors and YOLOv26s for real-time weapon detection in video surveillance
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-04-28)
Fierro Silva, Carlos Julio
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Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina
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Bran, Carlos
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Varela Aldas, José
Real-time weapon detection in video surveillance is a critical capability for artificial intelligence assisted security systems, particularly in scenarios constrained by low latency, limited computational resources, and strict power efficiency requirements typical of edge artificial intelligence deployments. This work presents a comparative analysis of lightweight YOLO based object detectors, namely YOLOv8s, YOLOv9s, YOLOv10s, and YOLOv11s, vs. the recently introduced YOLOv26s model. In contrast to conventional benchmarking studies, this work extends the evaluation to real-world edge deployment conditions using an NVIDIA Jetson Nano device, explicitly measuring end-to-end latency, including preprocessing, inference, and post-processing stages. While earlier YOLO variants primarily relied on convolutional neural network architectures and intermediate explorations such as attention centered designs aimed to improve detection accuracy, YOLOv26 represents a paradigm shift by being designed from the ground up for low power edge devices, emphasizing architectural simplicity and deployment efficiency. To ensure a fair and reproducible evaluation, all models are trained on the same weapon detection dataset under a unified experimental protocol using small scale variants.The experimental results reveal that, despite exhibiting comparable inference times, different models show significantly different real-time performance due to variations in post-processing complexity. Specifically, models such as YOLOv8s, YOLOv9s, and YOLOv11s incur a substantial post-processing overhead, whereas YOLOv10s and YOLOv26s produce compact output representations that drastically reduce post-processing cost.This leads to a clear separation in deployment behavior, where end-to-end latency is reduced from approximately 300 ms to 125–130 ms, effectively doubling the achievable frame rate on embedded hardware. Rather than proposing a universal ranking, the study analyzes the trade offs introduced by architectural evolution and optimization strategies, providing technical criteria to support model selection under resource constrained deployment scenarios and demonstrating that post-processing efficiency, rather than inference speed alone, is the dominant factor in real-time edge performance. Copyright © 2026 Fierro Silva, Del-Valle-Soto, Bran and Varela-Aldás.
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Predictive Motivations in Satisfaction and Loyalty in Sustainable Coastal and Marine Destinations: Galapagos National Park, Ecuador
(MDPI AG, 2026-08-06)
Carvache-Franco, Mauricio
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Núñez-Naranjo, Aracelly Fernanda
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Carvache-Franco, Orly
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Torres-Naranjo, Mónica
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Carvache-Franco, Wilmer
Studying sustainability in marine and coastal tourism within national parks is essential to balance visitor use with the conservation of fragile ecosystems and biodiversity. In this context, the Galápagos Archipelago is a major coastal and marine destination in Ecuador, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The aim of this empirical study was (i) to identify the principal motivational dimensions in sustainable coastal and marine destinations; (ii) to determine which motivations significantly predict tourist satisfaction in these contexts; and (iii) to establish which motivations influence loyalty in sustainable coastal and marine destinations. The research was conducted in situ, obtaining 407 valid questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis and exploratory factor analysis were applied. The results reveal six motivational factors: learning; heritage and nature; sun and beach; sports; authentic coastal experience; novelty; and social interaction. The motivation that most strongly predicts satisfaction is heritage and nature, followed by novelty. Likewise, the motivation that most strongly predicts loyalty is heritage and nature, with additional influence from sun and beach and sports motivations. These findings provide practical guidance for the development of sustainable destination management plans and contribute to the academic literature on sustainability, satisfaction, and loyalty in coastal and marine tourism contexts. © 2026 by the authors.
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Structure-Based Innovation Index (SBII) and Firm Performance in Ecuadorian Manufacturing SMEs: Evidence from Capital Efficiency and Sales per Employee
(MDPI AG, 2026-04-23)
Godoy Hurtado, Edgar Paul
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Vayas Ortega, Germania
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Suárez Pérez, Juan Carlos
Manufacturing SMEs in Ecuador operate under macroeconomic volatility and limited financing; improvements in processes and management are key mechanisms for sustaining productivity and competitiveness. In contexts where conventional innovation indicators are unavailable, financial ratios constitute replicable signals that close a measurement gap in emerging economies. This study constructs the Structure-Based Innovation Index (SBII) as the mean of within-sample percentile ranks of capital efficiency (EBIT/Assets) and sales per employee, using financial statements from the SCVS, sectoral indicators from ENESEM, and size classification from REEM. The sample includes 58 formal manufacturing SMEs in Ecuador in 2023, stratified by province and size. Performance is measured through labor productivity and operating profitability (EBIT/Sales). Tercile comparisons reveal clear performance differentiation: the high-SBII group exhibits substantially higher median sales per employee (USD 129,552 vs. USD 40,176 in the low group) and higher operating profitability. Signals are more strongly reflected in productivity than in margins, indicating that operational gains materialize earlier. A robustness check using SBIIalt confirms that gradients are not index artifacts. High-performing SMEs are distinguished by institutionalized operational discipline: asset utilization, throughput stability, and cost control. The SBII is a replicable proxy for structure-based innovation in data-constrained environments. The findings align with SDGs 8, 9, and 12. © 2026 by the authors.
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Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivations in Predicting the Buy Intention of Technological Products: A Study in Developing and Emerging Countries
(2021)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Zabelina E.
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Deyneka O.
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos
An area of great interest for business is establishing the factors that determine consumer intentions to purchase new technological products. The present study seeks to contribute to this field of research by establishing how the consumer’s hedonic and utilitarian motivations help explain their purchase intentions. The present study consisted of a survey completed by 725 people in Ecuador (a developing country) and 376 in Russia (an emerging country). The data obtained were analyzed with a multiple regression, with the purchase intentions of five technological products being the variable to be predicted and the two motivations for the use of technologies as the predictor variables. Various demographic variables were introduced as control variables. The results obtained point to a secondary role for demographic variables. On the other hand, and in a consistent manner, hedonic and utilitarian motivations were significant predictors positively associated with purchase intentions in both countries. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Blended Learning and Higher Education: A Bibliometric Analysis
(2023)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Parra-Domínguez J.
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Zabelina E.
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Deyneka O.
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Ramos-Galarza C.
Blended learning is defined as an educational model or a way of teaching that combines in-person education with online education. In recent years, due to its great potential, this type of teaching applied to higher education has aroused great interest on the part of professionals and academics. This growing interest has been reflected in the rapid growth in the number of publications on blended learning and higher education. This article seeks to contribute to the knowledge base by presenting an integrated overview of this growing body of literature, and to this end the authors use bibliometric techniques. As a basis for the analysis, 2,477 relevant articles in the Scopus database were selected. The descriptive results obtained show rapid growth in the number of articles published over the years, a dominance of publications associated with developing and emerging countries, and the leading role of social sciences. An analysis of the co-occurrence of terms allows us to establish four areas of interest: 1) Covid-19 and the challenges and opportunities it poses, 2) the effectiveness and performance of blended learning, 3) the organization and design of blended learning, and 4) the technological tools and forms of delivery of blended learning. An analysis of the overlay visualization of terms makes it possible to establish the evolution of the topics of interest in the research over the years. Initially, interest focused on issues relating to the organization and design of blended learning. Currently, interest is focused on Covid-19 and the challenges it poses. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Scopus© Citations 2 52
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Evaluate sustainable human resource management in the manufacturing companies using an extended Pythagorean fuzzy SWARA-TOPSIS method
(2022)
Saeidi, Parvaneh
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Mardani, A.
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Mishra, A.R.
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Cajas Cajas, V.E.
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Galarraga Carvajal, Mercedes
Today, organizations realized the importance of sustainability in concern with their business activities. They found out that they should focus on other aspects such as environmental and social and economic sustainability. Lately, Sustainable Human Resource Management (SHRM) is introduced as an instrument to indicate that HRM can affect the sustainable development and resource preservation of organizations. Despite that, SHRM and its related subjects are still in an emerging phase. The present study aims to propose a comprehensive approach to examine the main important factors of SHRM. To do so, a survey approach with the literature review interviewsview with experts is carried out to classify, rank, and evaluate the key SHRM factors in the manufacturing companies in Ecuador. In order to assess and prioritize the factors and the alternatives, this paper introduces a new approach using an integrated Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA)- Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method on the Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) setting called the PF-SWARA-TOPSIS method. To do this, we extend the SWARA method to identify and rank the SHRM factors by using PFSs. Afterward, to assess and prioritize the alternatives, this study utilizes the TOPSIS approach under PFSs. Next, to show the efficacy and applicability of the developed framework, a real case study of the SHRM problem is discussed on PFSs. Furthermore, this study performs a sensitivity investigation over diverse sets of criteria weights to illustrate the advantages of the proposed methodology. The investigation results demonstrate that the green work-life balance was ranked as the first factor by following corporate social responsibility, green employee relations, and business process redesign factors. Finally, the results of this study found that the developed approach has high efficacy and capability to handle the SHRM problem in manufacturing companies. © 2022
Scopus© Citations 50 25
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Clothing Disposal System by Gifting: Characteristics, Processes, and Interactions
(2017)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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González R.
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Gascó J.
The study of clothing disposal systems, involving the flow of clothing from one household to another, is of great interest because of the positive social and environmental consequences. Based on 35 in-depth interviews with adult men and women in Ecuador, a Latin American country, the authors sought to expand knowledge regarding one of these systems: clothing disposal by gifting to family, friends, and acquaintances. The respondents’ narratives indicated that the clothing disposal system by gifting is noncentric; based on social exchange, it strengthens the links between givers and recipients while allowing for clothes to circulate for a longer time. The data also indicated an intersection between age and gender, offering insight into how the process of clothing disposal by gifting develops within households. In some disposal events reported by participants, the clothing disposal system by gifting demonstrated autonomy, but in other events, it interacted with the clothing marketing system. © 2016, © The Author(s) 2016.
Scopus© Citations 18 32
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Systematic Review of Executive Function Stimulation Methods in the ADHD Population
(2024)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Deyaneira Brito
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Brayan Rodríguez
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Brenda Guerrero
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Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
Background/Objectives: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by elevated motor activity, impulsivity, and attention deficit. Approximately 5% of the population suffers from this disorder. Among the key explanations of ADHD, executive functions play an important role in understanding the symptomatology present in this disorder and in determining the main treatment strategies for affected patients. We present a systematic review that seeks to identify the treatment methods developed to support executive functions in individuals with ADHD. Methods: Articles were analyzed in the SCOPUS, PUBMED, and Science Direct databases. Initially, 739 articles were found. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles remained and were included in the data extraction process. Results: Among the primary treatments identified, 14 studies propose psychological training for executive functions, 9 studies recommend medication, 5 studies suggest digital interventions, and 1 study advocates for sports as beneficial for executive functions. Conclusions: The data are discussed around the need to develop new proposals to enhance the executive functions of individuals with ADHD, thereby improving their performance in educational, personal, social, and family activities impacted by this disorder.
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The influence of corporate social responsibility on firm reputation with the moderating effect of personal employees' ethical value
(2022)
Saeidi S.P.
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Saeidi, Parvaneh
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Alvarez Zamora N.F.
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Endara H.V.
This study attempts to investigate the conditional effects of the ethical values of employees and corporate social responsibility (CSR), as two possible influencing variables on a firm's reputation. Moreover, this research determines the moderating effect of ethical values of employees on the relationship of CSR with firm reputation. AMOS is used as a visual program in structural equation modelling in order to analyse and test the hypotheses suggested in this paper. Data were collected from 301 SMEs in industrial and service sectors, in Malaysia, using survey method through structured questionnaires with five-point Likert scales. According to the results, hypothesis of moderating effect of personal employees' ethical values (PEEV) on CSR and firm reputation in the industrial sector was rejected; whereas a conditional moderating effect of ethical values of employees on CSR and firm reputation was reported in the service sector. This shows that when companies rely more on human resources, a higher level of ethical values among employees leads to a higher level of reputation for the firm in society, even if CSR is at a low level at those companies. Copyright © 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
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