Centro de Investigación en Empresa, Sociedad y Tecnología

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El Centro de Investigación en Empresa, Sociedad y Tecnología -ESTec tiene como misión la investigación del comportamiento de organizaciones, empresas e individuos en relación con la selección y uso de tecnologías y el desarrollo de innovaciones. Adicionalmente, el ESTec se interesa por investigar el comportamiento humano y organizacional en el marco de los esfuerzos de sostenibilidad que llevan adelante nuestras sociedades.

El ESTec mediante sus esfuerzos de investigación busca generar conocimiento útil para la sociedad y para sus integrantes a fin de que puedan aprovechar los avances de la tecnología y contribuir a un desarrollo sostenible.

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Electronic Word of Mouth and Sustainability: A Bibliometric Approach
(Springer Nature Switzerland, 2026)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Ramos-Galarza, Carlos
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Palacio-Fierro, Andrés
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Guadalupe-Lanas, Jorge
Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) is a type of human-computer interaction that comprises simple, two-way communication, disseminating information about companies, brands, and products through digital spaces. Given the significant interest in eWOM, various extant studies have sought to structure this field of study through a bibliometric approach. As the literature on eWOM has continued to grow, bibliometric studies on eWOM have begun to be specialized. Following this line of work, the present bibliometric study seeks to unravel eWOM’s structure as it applies to sustainability, a topic of great current importance. Using the Scopus database, 1,968 documents were identified. Descriptive and productivity analyses characterize the field of eWOM and sustainability as a rapidly growing and multidisciplinary field, in which China and the United States stand out in the literature. Science mapping analyses have identified four clusters of terms associated with research lines: 1) human behavior in eWOM, 2) social aspects of eWOM and sustainability, 3) eWOM’s impact on sustainability and tourism, and 4) eWOM’s technological aspects and measurement. The overlay visualization of term analysis reveals an evolution in research interest, progressing from technological aspects, through economic and behavioral aspects, to the current emphasis on sustainability and tourism. Finally, this study discusses these results’ implications for theory and practice. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.
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Consumer Behavior in Health Wearables Technologies: A Bibliometric Approach
(Springer Nature Switzerland, 2026)
Palacio-Fierro, Andrés
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Espinoza, Carmen
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Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Borja Galeas, Carlos
Health Wearable Technologies (HWT), including smartwatches, fitness trackers, and telehealth platforms, have become a new generation of tools for preventive healthcare and chronic disease management. This study uses bibliometric analysis to explore the intellectual structure and thematic evolution of HWT research, and it analyzes 315 peer-reviewed articles from Scopus in the fields of business, social sciences, and medicine. The results show that there are two distinct growth phases: slow growth at the end of the twentieth century and fast growth after 2000 due to the development of human-computer interaction. HWT research is inherently multidisciplinary, with 55.36% of publications coming from social sciences, business, and medical disciplines. The United States leads the world in scholarly output, with 35.87% of documents, while developing regions are underrepresented. Science mapping via VOSviewer reveals two thematic clusters: (1) clinical and ethical dynamics (e.g., physician-patient relationships, data validity), and (2) consumer-market interactions (e.g., usability, direct-to-consumer models). These clusters capture the struggles between medical authority and patient autonomy as well as the increasing impact of user experience (UX) in non-clinical contexts. The study emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary collaboration to address HWT’s complexity and highlights the need for more research in developing economies to ensure global applicability. Two actionable recommendations are proposed: (1) combining clinical utility with commercial viability through UX-driven design, and (2) addressing ethical biases in doctor-patient interactions when HWT interacts. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.
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Взаимосвязь демонстративного потребления в социальных сетях и одиночества (на примере постинга о путешествиях)
(National Research University, Higher School of Economics (HSE), 2026-03-30)
Maksimenko, Aleksandr
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Zabelina, Ekaterina
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Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Zagladina, Alexandra
Social networks have intensified conspicuous consumption, turning visual travelrelated content into a key tool for status self-presentation and the affirmation of social position. The present study is aimed at examining the socio-demographic markers of conspicuous consumption on social networks and its relationship with loneliness. The study involved 100 respondents (M = 39.34; SD = 10.31), including 43% men and 57% women, who actively travel and post photographs from their trips on social networks. The following instruments were used: the Conspicuous Consumption of Posting Travel Photos Scale (CCPS) and the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, as well as correlational and comparative analyses. Four factors of tourism snobbery were identified: “pure conspicuous consumption” — the publication of status-related photographs emphasizing wealth and belonging to the upper class; “group inclusion” — the desire to conform to trends through images from popular destinations; “uniqueness of the place” — the demonstration of rare locations to stand out and emphasize the exclusivity of the experience; and “uniqueness of the self” — the desire to showcase originality and aesthetic taste through visual content. Gender differences manifest in the fact that women more often use travel-related content to express their uniqueness. With age, the need for conspicuous consumption decreases; income level also affects the nature of self-presentation, as respondents with higher income are less likely to emphasize status. In addition, the results showed that posting photographs with the aim of joining a group is positively correlated with romantic and social loneliness, but negatively correlated with family loneliness. A relationship was found between social loneliness and the motivation to demonstrate the uniqueness of the visited place and one’s own personality, which indicates an attempt to compensate for a lack of social ties through self-presentation in the digital environment. Overall, conspicuous consumption on social networks can be viewed as a dynamic phenomenon situated at the intersection of social comparison, self-presentation, and loneliness. © 2026, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University). All rights reserved.
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Institutional trauma, absence of accountability, and psychopathology in a juvenile serial homicide case
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-05-25)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Obregón, Jennifer
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Guerrero, Brenda
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Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
Juan Fernando Hermosa, infamously known as “The Child of Terror, ” committed 23 murders in Ecuador between 1991 and 1992. This perspective article offers a conceptual and theoretical analysis of the interplay between institutional trauma, accountability, and psychopathology in juvenile justice settings, using Hermosa’s trajectory as an illustrative example. Drawing on publicly available judicial records, academic literature, and journalistic sources, we advance the argument that institutional trauma, harm inflicted or exacerbated by juvenile justice and residential systems themselves, and the complete absence of organizational accountability may interact to worsen, rather than reduce, severe antisocial outcomes. Hermosa’s incarceration at the Virgilio Guerrero Institute is examined not as empirical evidence but as a theoretically informative case that highlights the potential consequences of punitive, non-rehabilitative environments. We propose that without procedural, therapeutic, restorative, and systemic accountability mechanisms, juvenile justice settings risk becoming trauma-generating institutions that compound pre-existing psychopathology. Particular attention is given to the hypothesized intersection of early childhood maltreatment and later institutional trauma as a pathway toward severe antisocial development. This perspective concludes by outlining key accountability mechanisms, external oversight, youth grievance procedures, trauma-informed staff training, and transparent error remediation, as essential components for preventing the escalation of violence among at-risk youth. The article aims to stimulate theoretical discussion and inform policy reform rather than to generalize from a single case. Copyright © 2026 Ramos-Galarza, Obregón, Guerrero and Cruz-Cárdenas.
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Artificial Intelligence Anxiety in the Educational Context: Psychometric Adaptation of the Scale on a Sample of Russian Students
(Moscow Polytechnic University, 2026-06-24)
Maksimenko, A. A.
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Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Zabelina, E. V.
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Kurapov, S. V.
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Pevneva, A. N.
Today, there is a growing anxiety about artificial intelligence in the educational space, which greatly affects the willingness to make technological decisions and plan for one's professional future. In empirical studies, AI anxiety is defined as a complex phenomenon including a range of negative emotional responses that shapes in people due to development and potential impact of artificial intelligence on various spheres of life. Given the impact of AI anxiety on learning, career choices, participation in the digital economy, and mental well-being, there is a need for its holistic conceptual description and reliable diagnosis. The aim of the study is to present a reliable and valid Russian-language tool for diagnosing AI anxiety in students. The adopted basis and modified for a student sample (N = 521) "Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scale" (M.H. Alkhaibani et al.) showed an acceptable level of the external and internal validity as well as reliability on internal consistency. The factor analysis confirmed the five-factor structure of the questionnaire: concerns related to AI accuracy and reliability; concerns related to academic integrity (plagiarism); and concerns stemming from regulatory uncertainty (guidelines), fears of loss of learning and cognitive skills, as well as a decrease in motivation. External validity is confirmed by the correlations with neuroticism and conscientiousness as personality traits, image of the future, attitude towards artificial intelligence, and some socio-demographic characteristics. Adapted and modified psychodiagnostic tool for studying AI anxiety opens up opportunities for research on a Russian-speaking student sample. © Максименко А.А., Круз-Карденес Х., Забелина Е.В., Курапов С.В., Певнева А.Н., 2020. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
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Cognitive and emotional predictors of self-regulated learning: a structural model based on executive functions, learning strategies, and sense of coherence
(2025)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Jennifer Obregón
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Nancy Lepe-Martínez
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Milenko Del Valle
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Brenda Guerrero-Tates
Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) is a complex process that enables university students to consciously manage their learning and achieve strong academic performance throughout their academic career. This process is influenced by various factors, particularly within the cognitive and emotional domains. Specifically, SRL is shaped by variables such as Executive Functions, Sense of Coherence, and Learning Management Strategies. In this study, we hypothesized that Conscious Monitoring of Responsibilities, Supervisory Attentional System, Deliberate Emotion Regulation, Manageability, Meaningfulness, and Conscious Motivational Strategies contribute significantly to the variance observed in SRL. Two explanatory models were proposed to represent the dynamic relationships among these variables. The study involved a sample of 1316 university students from two Latin American countries: Chile (n = 631, Mage=20.18, SD=2.06) and Ecuador (n = 685, Mage=20.71, SD=1.99). Three scales were used to assess the variables included in the models, each demonstrating acceptable to strong internal consistency (α=0.70 to 0.85). The results revealed moderate to strong correlations among the variables (r = 0.27 to 0.64). The explained variance of SRL was 24% for the emotional and 30% for the cognitive dimensions. Both proposed models demonstrated adequate fit indices (CFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.05, SRMR=0.04), supporting the structural validity of the models. These findings suggest that SRL is the result of a complex interaction between cognitive and emotional factors. The models proposed in this study offer a valuable foundation for the development of targeted interventions aimed at enhancing SRL in university students and, consequently, improving their academic performance
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Consumer value creation through clothing reuse: A mixed methods approach to determining influential factors
(2019)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Guadalupe-Lanas, Jorge
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Velín-Fárez M.
Clothing reuse is a consumer disposal behavior that has been underexplored, although it has important consequences for the society. From the perspective of customer-dominant logic, reusing clothing is a consumer value creation behavior. To measure this tendency, we conducted a mixed method study in Ecuador, a developing Latin American country. We used 20 in-depth interviews followed by a survey of 425 adults to identify the factors associated with the tendency to reuse clothing. The study also identified gender differences regarding this behavior. Several factors in consumers' lives were revealed that explained the tendency to reuse clothing, including income, occupation, altruism, and physical environment. The study also showed that various population groups (e.g., lower income groups, younger individuals, students, and women) had a greater tendency to reuse clothing. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
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Retraction Note: A New Extended VIKOR Approach Using q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Sets for Sustainable Enterprise Risk Management Assessment in Manufacturing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
(2025)
Sun Cheng
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Sun Jianfu
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Melfi Alrasheedi
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Saeidi, Parvaneh
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Arunodaya Raj Mishra
The Editor-in-Chief and the publisher have retracted this article. The article was submitted to be part of a guest-edited issue. An investigation by the publisher found a number of articles, including this one, with a number of concerns, including but not limited to compromised editorial handling and peer review process, inappropriate or irrelevant references or not being in scope of the journal or guest-edited issue. Based on the investigation’s findings the Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions of this article. The authors disagree with this retraction.
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Blended Learning and Higher Education: A Bibliometric Analysis
(2023)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Parra-Domínguez J.
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Zabelina E.
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Deyneka O.
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Ramos-Galarza C.
Blended learning is defined as an educational model or a way of teaching that combines in-person education with online education. In recent years, due to its great potential, this type of teaching applied to higher education has aroused great interest on the part of professionals and academics. This growing interest has been reflected in the rapid growth in the number of publications on blended learning and higher education. This article seeks to contribute to the knowledge base by presenting an integrated overview of this growing body of literature, and to this end the authors use bibliometric techniques. As a basis for the analysis, 2,477 relevant articles in the Scopus database were selected. The descriptive results obtained show rapid growth in the number of articles published over the years, a dominance of publications associated with developing and emerging countries, and the leading role of social sciences. An analysis of the co-occurrence of terms allows us to establish four areas of interest: 1) Covid-19 and the challenges and opportunities it poses, 2) the effectiveness and performance of blended learning, 3) the organization and design of blended learning, and 4) the technological tools and forms of delivery of blended learning. An analysis of the overlay visualization of terms makes it possible to establish the evolution of the topics of interest in the research over the years. Initially, interest focused on issues relating to the organization and design of blended learning. Currently, interest is focused on Covid-19 and the challenges it poses. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Scopus© Citations 2 52
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Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivations in Predicting the Buy Intention of Technological Products: A Study in Developing and Emerging Countries
(2021)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Zabelina E.
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Deyneka O.
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos
An area of great interest for business is establishing the factors that determine consumer intentions to purchase new technological products. The present study seeks to contribute to this field of research by establishing how the consumer’s hedonic and utilitarian motivations help explain their purchase intentions. The present study consisted of a survey completed by 725 people in Ecuador (a developing country) and 376 in Russia (an emerging country). The data obtained were analyzed with a multiple regression, with the purchase intentions of five technological products being the variable to be predicted and the two motivations for the use of technologies as the predictor variables. Various demographic variables were introduced as control variables. The results obtained point to a secondary role for demographic variables. On the other hand, and in a consistent manner, hedonic and utilitarian motivations were significant predictors positively associated with purchase intentions in both countries. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Centro de Investigación en Empresa, Sociedad y Tecnología

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