Ramos Galarza, Carlos

Preferred name

Main Affiliation

Centro de investigación en Mecatrónica y Sistemas Interactivos

Quito

carlosramos@uti.edu.ec

ORCID

0000-0001-5614-1994

Scopus Author ID

57219164869

Now showing 1 - 10 of 121

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Institutional trauma, absence of accountability, and psychopathology in a juvenile serial homicide case
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-05-25)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
;
Obregón, Jennifer
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Guerrero, Brenda
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Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
Juan Fernando Hermosa, infamously known as “The Child of Terror, ” committed 23 murders in Ecuador between 1991 and 1992. This perspective article offers a conceptual and theoretical analysis of the interplay between institutional trauma, accountability, and psychopathology in juvenile justice settings, using Hermosa’s trajectory as an illustrative example. Drawing on publicly available judicial records, academic literature, and journalistic sources, we advance the argument that institutional trauma, harm inflicted or exacerbated by juvenile justice and residential systems themselves, and the complete absence of organizational accountability may interact to worsen, rather than reduce, severe antisocial outcomes. Hermosa’s incarceration at the Virgilio Guerrero Institute is examined not as empirical evidence but as a theoretically informative case that highlights the potential consequences of punitive, non-rehabilitative environments. We propose that without procedural, therapeutic, restorative, and systemic accountability mechanisms, juvenile justice settings risk becoming trauma-generating institutions that compound pre-existing psychopathology. Particular attention is given to the hypothesized intersection of early childhood maltreatment and later institutional trauma as a pathway toward severe antisocial development. This perspective concludes by outlining key accountability mechanisms, external oversight, youth grievance procedures, trauma-informed staff training, and transparent error remediation, as essential components for preventing the escalation of violence among at-risk youth. The article aims to stimulate theoretical discussion and inform policy reform rather than to generalize from a single case. Copyright © 2026 Ramos-Galarza, Obregón, Guerrero and Cruz-Cárdenas.
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The hierarchical scaffolding model of executive functioning in university students: a self-reported explanatory approach
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-07-29)
Díaz-Guerra, Diego D.
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Hernández-Lugo, Marena de la C.
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Ramos-Galarza, Carlos
;
Broche-Pérez, Yunier
;
Arias Flores, Hugo Patricio
Introduction Executive functions are cognitive processes that are fundamental to academic success among university students. However, most explanatory models have been developed using laboratory-based tasks, which limits their ecological validity. Self-report measures offer a complementary approach by capturing perceived executive functioning in real academic contexts. Objective To construct and validate an explanatory model of executive functioning in Cuban university student Methods A cross-sectional sample of 1,233 students was analyzed (mean age = 20.08 years, SD = ±1.02; 59.3% women). The Cuban adaptation of the UEF-1 was administered. Analyses combined decision trees using the CHAID method to identify predictors and structural equation modeling (SEM) to confirm the relationships among variables and construct a unified model. Results The final model showed satisfactory fit (CFI = 0.915, RMSEA = 0.048, SRMR = 0.045). Executive functions were organized into four hierarchical levels: (1) Metacognitive Evaluation and Supervision, comprising Conscious Monitoring of Responsibilities and Behavioral Verification for Learning; (2) Emotional and Behavioral Regulation, comprising Conscious Regulation of Emotions and Conscious Regulation of Behavior; (3) the Operational Attentional System; and (4) Goal-Directed Action and Task Resolution, comprising Decision-Making and Management of Elements to Solve Tasks. Conclusion The proposed model constitutes the first unified explanatory framework of executive functioning in Cuban university students, specifically as assessed through self-report measures. Its four-level hierarchical structure provides an empirically grounded guide for future research and interventions, capturing the subjective dimension of executive performance as a complementary and ecologically relevant level of analysis closely tied to academic adaptation and self-regulation.
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Cognitive reserve and adaptive resilience: a conceptual analysis of a cross-species framework for neuropsychology and cognitive aging
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-09-22)
Broche-Pérez, Yunier
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Díaz-Guerra, Diego D.
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Hernández-Lugo, Marena de la C.
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos
Why do some older adults maintain effective cognitive functioning despite substantial age-related brain change or neuropathology, whereas others with comparable neural burden show marked impairment? Related questions arise in comparative research, where organisms exposed to similar biological or environmental challenges may show markedly different adaptation patterns. Although these phenomena have traditionally been examined in separate literatures, they converge on a broader problem: how living systems maintain, recover, or reorganize function under challenge. This article develops a cross-species conceptual framework linking research on adaptive resilience with contemporary models of cognitive reserve and cognitive aging. The proposed contribution is not to redefine cognitive reserve as dynamic or lifespan-based, features already recognized in current reserve theory, but to identify a set of candidate mechanisms through which reserve-related capacities may be developed and expressed. We organize these mechanisms across four interacting domains: biological regulation, behavioral flexibility, social regulation, and environmental engagement and enrichment. These processes are hypothesized to contribute, across development and aging, to the capacity to adapt when biological or environmental demands increase. A fifth domain, functional preservation and recovery, represents the outcome of these processes rather than cognitive reserve itself. In humans, preserved cognition despite neural burden may therefore be understood as a cognitive-resilience phenotype to which cognitive reserve, brain maintenance, compensation, and related mechanisms can contribute. Nonhuman animal models do not possess cognitive reserve in its human clinical sense, but they provide experimental access to potentially conserved mechanisms involving stress regulation, flexible responding, social buffering, learning, and experience-dependent plasticity. Cognitive reserve remains the primary translational focus of the present framework because of its central role in cognitive aging and dementia research, while recognizing that related mechanisms may also operate in affective, motor, behavioral, and neuroautonomic domains. The framework generates testable predictions about how measurable adaptive processes may complement traditional reserve proxies and improve understanding of individual differences in cognitive aging. Copyright © 2026 Broche-Pérez, Díaz-Guerra, Hernández-Lugo and Ramos-Galarza.
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Scale reduced to value the sense of coherence: SOC 15 [Escala Reducida Para Valorar el Sentido de Coherencia: SOC 15]
(2019)
Ortiz-Granja D.
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Acosta-Rodas P.
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Lepe-Martínez N.
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Valle M.D.
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos
Introduction: The sense of coherence is a construct of health that allows the individual to face difficult situations of life. It is configured by three factors: meaning, understanding and management. As a method of assessment of this construct, has been proposed the SOC scale with 29 items in its original version. Objective: The objective of this study is to propose a reduced SOC scale. Methods: We worked with a sample of 445 healthy participants from Quito-Ecuador, 145 men (32.5%) and 300 women (67.4%). Results: It was obtained that the reduced scale of 15 items presents an adequate internal consistency in its three factors: understanding α= .74, management α= .82 and meaning α= .82. In the confirmatory factor analysis, an acceptable adjustment of the reduced model was found (SOC-15) x2= 317.90, DF= 87, p= &lt;. 001, CFI= .92, RMSEA= .07 (.06-.08) and SRMR= .04. Conclusions: The data is discussed in relation to the benefits of counting with a reduced scale for its future application in the clinical and health scientific context. © 2019 Fundacion para la difusion neurologica en Ecuador - FUNDINE. All rights reserved.
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Artificial Intelligence and Tomorrow’s Education
(2021)
Cóndor-Herrera, Omar
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Arias Flores, Hugo Patricio
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Jadán Guerrero, Janio
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos
Nowadays, there is a rapid technological progress around the world that has enabled realities long ago unimaginable. We live in a technological era that represents new possibilities and challenges for society, and for the educational models in each country [1]. Research on smart education, which has forced the educational community to rethink on new ways of learning and teaching has been developed globally. Due to the advent of artificial intelligence (AI), the educational model for both, teachers and students will change. Nevertheless, to transform educational systems, it is necessary to update and train students, educators, and administrators effectively [2]. This research aims to describe the possible applications of AI in education from: 1) the automation of administrative tasks; 2) collection and analysis of information [3] to create smart content; 3) the implementation of virtual assistants in the teaching-learning process; 4) the potential delivery of lectures by humanoid robots with AI. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Scopus© Citations 3 38
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Moderator Role of Monitoring in the Inhibitory Control of Adolescents With ADHD
(2021)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
;
Pérez-Salas C.
Objective: The aim of this research was to analyze the role of monitoring in the causal relationship between inhibitory control and symptoms of combined ADHD. Method: It has been conducted a quantitative investigation of two phases. Results: In the first study, a moderation model was analyzed (N = 144 adolescents with combined ADHD), where monitoring was considered as a moderating variable in the causal relationship between the inhibitory control and the symptomatology of ADHD F(3, 140) = 28.03, p <.001; R2 =.37. In the second study, the model through an experimental study was tested (N = 52 adolescents with and without ADHD) where it was found that adolescents with ADHD improve in their inhibitory control when they receive external support to the monitoring F(1, 50) = 21.38, p <.001, η2 =.30. Conclusion: Results suggest that monitoring compensates the poor performance of inhibitory control in adolescents with ADHD, which is a contribution to the theoretical construction of ADHD and to the treatments proposed for this condition because it goes beyond the classic conception of a causality chain among the deficit of inhibitory control and ADHD symptomatology to propose a new explanation about this disorder, where neuropsychology intervention of monitoring would diminish ADHD’s symptomatology impact on adolescents. © ©The Author(s) 2018.
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Cognitive and emotional predictors of self-regulated learning: a structural model based on executive functions, learning strategies, and sense of coherence
(2025)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Jennifer Obregón
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Nancy Lepe-Martínez
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Milenko Del Valle
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Brenda Guerrero-Tates
Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) is a complex process that enables university students to consciously manage their learning and achieve strong academic performance throughout their academic career. This process is influenced by various factors, particularly within the cognitive and emotional domains. Specifically, SRL is shaped by variables such as Executive Functions, Sense of Coherence, and Learning Management Strategies. In this study, we hypothesized that Conscious Monitoring of Responsibilities, Supervisory Attentional System, Deliberate Emotion Regulation, Manageability, Meaningfulness, and Conscious Motivational Strategies contribute significantly to the variance observed in SRL. Two explanatory models were proposed to represent the dynamic relationships among these variables. The study involved a sample of 1316 university students from two Latin American countries: Chile (n = 631, Mage=20.18, SD=2.06) and Ecuador (n = 685, Mage=20.71, SD=1.99). Three scales were used to assess the variables included in the models, each demonstrating acceptable to strong internal consistency (α=0.70 to 0.85). The results revealed moderate to strong correlations among the variables (r = 0.27 to 0.64). The explained variance of SRL was 24% for the emotional and 30% for the cognitive dimensions. Both proposed models demonstrated adequate fit indices (CFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.05, SRMR=0.04), supporting the structural validity of the models. These findings suggest that SRL is the result of a complex interaction between cognitive and emotional factors. The models proposed in this study offer a valuable foundation for the development of targeted interventions aimed at enhancing SRL in university students and, consequently, improving their academic performance
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Bibliometric Analysis of Existing Knowledge on Digital Transformation in Higher Education
(2022)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Guadalupe-Lanas J.
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Palacio-Fierro A.
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Galarraga Carvajal, Mercedes
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have been feeling great pressure to advance in digital transformation. This pressure has been intensified with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic at the end of 2019. Because the digital transformation of HEIs has been attracting a growing number of publications, the present study sought to carry out a bibliometric analysis of such titles. For this purpose, 643 relevant documents were identified from the Scopus database in January 2022. The descriptive results show an accelerated growth of the relevant literature, with conference papers being the main form of publication, followed by articles, conference reviews, and book chapters. The areas with which the majority of documents were associated were computer science, followed by social science, engineering, and business and management. An analysis of the co-occurrence of terms based on the titles and abstracts enabled the identification of three thematic areas of interest: 1) digital transformation in teaching, particularly under the pressure exerted by COVID-19; 2) environmental influences on the digital transformation of HEIs; and 3) enabling technologies for digital transformation. A longitudinal analysis also based on titles and abstracts allows us to see how the primary focus shifted from the economic issue (in 2019) to the COVID issue (in 2021). This study concludes by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of the findings, demonstrating as a particularly interesting area for future research the study of the digital transformation of HEIs in a future post-COVID scenario. © 2022, The Author(s).
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Interactive Model of Executive Functions to Understand Error Correction
(2022)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
;
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Ramos V.
This article reports an investigation aimed at analyzing an interactive model of executive functions, which seeks to explain the process followed by human beings to correct their mistakes. The method followed was an analysis based on structural equations, considering the maximum likelihood process around a model that considered six executive functions. We worked with a randomized sample of 771 subjects (mean age = 39.86, SD = 15.47; 50.5%, women, 50.50%). The findings suggest that error correction is a complex executive function as it is the product of the internal language capacity that regulates behavior and cognition, adequate regulation of the limbic system, adequate decision-making, and control of automatic impulses, determining how to act and verify the thoughts and behavior of the subject. The contribution of the proposed theoretical model lies in understanding the process by which human beings manage to correct errors. In addition, how this explanatory model could help neuropsychological intervention processes to work on this cognitive ability in individuals with difficulties in correcting errors. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee ESJ, Italy.
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Neuropsychological evaluation of inhibitory control and interference control: Validation of experimental tasks in the ecuadorian context
(2017)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Jadán Guerrero, Janio
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Ramos D.
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Bolaños M.
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Ramos V.
This article reports a study in which three experimental tasks (SIMON, Go / No-Go and Stroop Victoria) were adapted and validated to evaluate the inhibitory control and interference control in a sample of Ecuadorian students. The sample consisted of 100 students between 6 and 15 years old (M = 10.13 years, SD = 2.48) belonging to the public education system of Ecuador. The process followed in the adaptation and validation was through the linguistic translation of the experiments, followed by an expert judgment and a pilot study. In the results it was found that there are no statistically significant differences in the measures that assess the inhibitory control and the interference considering the sociodemographic variables of the participants as comparison factors. In the correlation analysis we found a statistically significant association between the measurements of the experiments. We conclude by analyzing the associations found and underlining the need to continue providing evidence in the research line of adaptation and validation of test for using in neuropsychological evaluation.
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos

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