Universidad Indoamérica
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INDOAMÉRICA es una Institución de educación superior con más de tres décadas al servicio de la ciencia y la formación de profesionales de excelencia. Nuestros orígenes se remontan a los años ochenta, cuando fue constituido el Centro de Estudios de Computación “Servisistemas Informáticos Indoamérica”. Su nombre, INDOAMÉRICA, expresa un profundo sentido de pertenencia a la cultura latinoamericana, lo cual constituye la base fundamental de nuestra identidad.

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Addressing Web Accessibility Challenges with Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools for Inclusive Education

2024 , Patricia Acosta-Vargas , Gloria Acosta-Vargas , Belén Salvador-Acosta , Jadán Guerrero, Janio

This article addresses the comprehensive evaluation of web accessibility in 20 generative artificial intelligence (AI) applications, such as ChatGPT and DALL-E, through a five-phase approach. Common issues were identified, including inadequate image descriptions, lack of semantic structures, and keyboard navigation challenges. Despite the inherent complexity of generative tools, the importance of evaluating their accessibility to ensure the inclusion of users with diverse abilities is emphasized. The WAVE automatic tool was used to identify issues, and future directions are proposed, such as improving image descriptions and optimizing keyboard navigation. The most significant accessibility challenges are linked to minimal contrast, representing 38%, followed by issues in easy-To-read font and text alternatives, both at 15%, associated with the perceptible principle. The discussion covers areas for improvement, ethical implications, and strategies to foster continuous enhancement in generative AI accessibility, highlighting the importance of balancing benefits and ethical challenges. Future research includes developing techniques for automatically generating consistent image descriptions, refining semantic structures, and optimizing keyboard navigation. Additionally, it is imperative to improve automatic accessibility evaluation tools to address the unique challenges of generative AI applications.

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The immigration law as a right: History of normative asymmetry

2019 , Oliván F. , Luque A.

The purpose of this text is to analyze the importance of rights of aliens, taking as a guiding thread a historical journey. From an etymological starting point, necessary to know the nexus and origin of the present risks, we analyze the current interconnections and their relations, namely the globalization of migratory processes. The origins, causes and effects of a global citizenship, which is articulated based on a normative asymmetry, are analyzed in a substantive way. Inevitably, this reality leads towards the construction of a new social architecture, remotely controlled by supranational organisms at the service of particular interests. © 2019 Revista Espacios.

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Phylogenetic systematics, ecology, and conservation of marsupial frogs (anura: Hemiphractidae) from the andes of southern Ecuador, with descriptions of four new biphasic species

2019 , Carvajal-Endara, Sofia , Coloma L.A. , Morales-Mite M.A. , Guayasamin J.M. , Székely P. , Duellman W.E.

We review the systematics of the species of Gastrotheca (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in the highlands of the southern Ecuadorian Andes. We analyzed phylogenetic, morphological, ecological, and acoustic data from populations in the region. We provide an updated phylogenetic hypothesis inferred from a database that contains 42 species of Gastrotheca, and sequences from mitochondrial (12S, 16S, and ND1) and nuclear (POMC and RAG-1) genes. We describe four new endemic biphasic species for Ecuador (Gastrotheca cuencana, G. elicioi, G. turnerorum, and G. yacuri). In addition, we redefine G. lojana, recently resurrected from the synonymy of G. monticola, and redescribe G. litonedis. Furthermore, we describe the tadpoles and ontogenetic color changes in six species (G. cuencana, G. elicioi, G. litonedis, G. lojana, G. pseustes, and G. turnerorum). Also, we describe the calls of seven species (G. cuencana, G. elicioi, G. litonedis, G. lojana, G. pseustes, G. testudinea, and G. yacuri). The phylogenetic relationships estimated here are congruent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses for the group, except for the placement of G. galeata, G. plumbea, G. orophylax, G. nicefori, and G. griswoldi. Because most sister species in Gastrotheca are allopatric, the evolutionarly scenarios that likely have intervened in shaping the diversity are the uplift of the Andes and the formation of cross-Andean river valleys, which probably promoted conditions that acted as dispersal barriers that led to speciation. Many species of Gastrotheca (44%) are highly threatened. Most monophasic species have not been seen since the late 1980s, whereas the highland biphasic species have survived the catastrophic events that led to the disappearance of many other sympatric anurans. Research and conservation actions are urgently needed for all surviving species treated herein, five of which are either Critically Endangered or Endangered because of their restricted distributions (10–1600 km 2 ), habitat destruction and fragmentation, climate change, and pathogens. Two of the new species, G. cuencana, and G. elicioi, mostly are known from the cities of Cuenca and Loja, respectively, where urbanization threatens their survival. In order to call attention to conservation issues, we name one new species to refer to the Yacuri National Park, and the other three in honor of the people from Cuenca, the Turner family, and Elicio E. Tapia, whose actions are helping to halt amphibian extinctions. Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press.

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Multiband Microstrip Antennas for Energy Harvesting Systems

2022 , Gordón C. , Criollo W. , Cumbajín Alferez, Myriam , Peñafiel C.

In this paper, the development of two microstrip antennas for electromagnetic energy harvesting systems is presented. The first one, is the Hybrid Resonator Planar Structure Antenna operating at a specific 900 MHz frequency, while the other is an Archimedean Spiral Multiband Antenna working in a frequency range of 1 to 3 GHz, both were developed for energy harvesting systems. Both antennas were designed using CST Studio software and fabricated in a low cost FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm, dielectric constant of 4.4 and an input impedance of 50 Ω. The frequencies achieved with the antennas are very promising, as it offers good performance for electromagnetic energy harvesting applications since it operates at standard frequencies such as GSM, Wi-Fi, LTE and UMTS which are available in the environment and allow us to harvest energy at any place and any time. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

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Multisensory learning system applying augmented reality

2020 , Guevara Maldonado, César Byron , Coronel, D.M.V.

Mathematics is essential in our daily life. However, traditional teaching methods are mainly limited to the use of textbooks, generating demotivation and low interest in learning the subject. The present study proposes the development of an augmented reality system for the multi-sensory learning of students in the field of mathematics. For the creation of this proposal, we have used a human–computer interface tool called Makey Makey. Besides, the Singapore method, which has produced excellent results in the learning of mathematics, is applied. Scratch, a programming language that allows people to develop applications without having deep knowledge of the code, was used for the development of the application. Scratch allows us to combine Singapore, Makey Makey, and Augmented Reality optimally for learning. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.

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Web Accessibility in the Portals of the Countries in the Latin American Index of Artificial Intelligence

2025 , Patricia Acosta-Vargas , Gloria Acosta-Vargas , Belén Salvador-Acosta , Jadán Guerrero, Janio

This study assesses the web accessibility of portals from the Latin American Artificial Intelligence Index (ILIA) countries, emphasizing the digital inclusion of users with disabilities. Using the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.2) as a reference point, the study focuses on the four principles of accessibility: perceptibility, operability, comprehensibility, and robustness. The results show that 43.20 % of the sites met the (minimum) contrast requirements, and 26.48 % met the navigability W3C recommendations. Chile (ranked first, score 73.07) presented 15 contrast issues and six errors overall, demonstrating a firm adherence to accessibility. Brazil (ranked second, with a score of 69.30) showed six contrast issues and eight errors, indicating a solid performance. However, Cuba and Venezuela had significant problems, with 25 and 34 errors, respectively. In contrast, Uruguay ranked high with no errors in contrast and perceptibility, highlighting its leadership in web accessibility in the region. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and developers looking to improve accessibility and digital inclusion across Latin America's digital infrastructure.

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Design thinking paradigm in the development of an open source strategic planning framework

2017 , Jadán Guerrero, Janio , Miranda S. , Altamirano Z. , Manzano J.

Design Thinking is a paradigm focused on the human being to integrate people, technology and business. This article describes the application of Design Thinking as a methodology of development of an Strategic Planning framework on an open source platform. This approach was born out of necessity of the company Nfoke Solutions Cia. Ltda, in which the main problem was the delay of the strategic analysis in its consulting projects. The framework supports the integration of various services, such as the automatic generation of SWOT matrix and Cambell, Pestle and 5 forces of Porter analysis. The study was carried out to establish the impact of the framework with 20 projects monitored by one year and the satisfaction of 73 customers through a survey. The results revealed an agile development of the framework and the reduction of 70% of the time in analysis processes. © 2017 IEEE.

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A Comprehensive Database of Expert‐Curated Occurrences for the Genus Carex L. (Cyperaceae)

2025 , María Sanz‐Arnal , Pablo García‐Moro , Carmen Benítez‐Benítez , Marina Coca‐de‐la‐Iglesia , Angélica Gallego‐Narbón , Consolación Barciela , Fabrizio Bartolucci , Prabin Bhandari , Matthew Bradley , Asunción Cano , Antoine Derouaux , Sabina Donadío , Marcial Escudero , Mariela Fabbroni , Kerry A. Ford , Gabriele Galasso , Sebastian Gebauer , M. Socorro González‐Elizondo , David Hamon , Matthias H. Hoffmann , Xiao‐Feng Jin , Jacob Koopman , Bangze Li , Raúl Lois , Yi‐Fei Lu , Modesto Luceño , José Ignacio Márquez‐Corro , Santiago Martín‐Bravo , Attila Mesterházy , Mónica Míguez , Ana Morales‐Alonso , A. Muthama Muasya , Paulo Muñoz‐Schüler , Robert F. C. Naczi , Oleas Gallo, Nora Helena , Luciana Pereira‐Silva , Radomír Řepka , Anton A. Reznicek , Katie K. Sanbonmatsu , Enmily Sánchez , Daniel Spalink , Arne Strid , Pieter Vanormelingen , Filip Verloove , Karen L. Wilson , Okihito Yano , Shuren Zhang , Pedro Jiménez‐Mejías

Motivation: Geographic occurrences are essential for biodiversity studies, but publicly available repositories like GBIF often contain errors and biases, especially for taxonomically complex groups like Carex L. (Cyperaceae). This work provides an expert-curated global dataset of occurrences compiled from different sources to enhance data accuracy and usability. The final dataset includes 384,067 occurrences of 1790 Carex species. Main Types of Variables Contained: The dataset includes species occurrence records with geographic coordinates, taxonomic identifications, and curation flags (e.g., introduced, erroneous records). Spatial Location and Grain: The dataset covers a global scale, using the WGS84 projection. Spatial resolution is standardised to a minimum of three decimal degrees (~1 km, if possible). Time Period and Grain: Online records span from 1950 to 2020, but some manually georeferenced records are earlier (1850). There is also fieldwork data after 2020, specifically up to 2023. Major Taxa and Level of Measurement: Cyperaceae: Carex. Most records have species-level identification, and some of them are identified at subspecies or variety levels. Software Format: Data are supplied as comma-separated values files with UTF-8 encoding.

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Differential Performance of Satellite Navigation in Urban and Rural Andes of Ecuador

2024 , David Rivas-Lalaleo , Víctor Bautista-Naranjo , Vayas Ortega, Germania , Tatiana Freire-Guachamín , Jefferson Pilicita-Veloso , Carlos Bran

This study assesses the effectiveness of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in Ecuador, a country situated on the equator, where unique challenges include elevated ionospheric activity and increased solar radiation. It focuses on the accuracy of major satellite navigation systems such as GPS, Glonass, and Galileo in various environments, from open fields to urban areas with dense building coverage. Using a satellite communication module and a data logger capturing information every second, the study provides a detailed comparison of these systems. The findings indicate that a combination of GPS and Glonass significantly enhances accuracy, reducing errors to less than 20 cm, which is crucial for high-precision applications in the equatorial region. This outcome is consistent with and expands the understanding of satellite navigation performance across different Andean landscapes, highlighting the need for tailored approaches in both urban and rural settings within the equatorial context. In summary, the research reaffirms the transformative role of geopositioning and GNSS in global navigation and emphasizes the potential for improving GNSS accuracy in the equatorial region. It contributes significantly to ongoing efforts to optimize geopositioning systems, ensuring their effectiveness in diverse geographical and environmental conditions, as exemplified in the Andean regions of Ecuador.

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Evaluation of the skills of the prefrontal cortex: The EFECO II-VC and II-VR [Evaluación de las habilidades de la Corteza prefrontal: La Escala EFECo II-VC y II-VR]

2018 , Villegas C. , Ortiz D. , García A. , Bolaños M. , Acosta P. , Lepe N. , Valle M.D. , Ramos V. , Ramos Galarza, Carlos

The pre-frontal cortex is the basis of the most complex mental abilities of human development. In its evaluation process, the EFECO scale provides an important contribution to assess its status. In previous investigations this scale has been studied with its configuration of 67 items, narrative focused on the deficit and evaluation of 8 executive functions. This research presents a new version of the scale, centered on its narrative in executive ability, proposed items to assess executive verification function and a summarized version of 42 items. The study included 118 healthy adults between 18 and 25 years of age (Mage = 20.72, SD = 1.65). In the results it was found that the EFECO II-VC scale (modified and complete version) obtained as internal consistency α = .96 and its sub-scales internal consistency between α = .64 and .81. The EFECO II-VR scale (modified and summarized version) obtained α = .94 and its sub-scales between α = .68 and .79. The internal consistency of the factors in which the executive functions are included were adequate: the supervisory system of cognition II-VC α = .93 and II-VR α = .70, while the supervisor system of behavior II- VC α = .93 and II-VR α = .81. The correlations between the executive functions assessed with both scales were between medium and large r = .36 and .94. The work is closed discussing the clinical and scientific contribution of the modification of the EFECO scale. © 2018 Fundacion para la difusion neurologica en Ecuador - FUNDINE. All Rights Reserved.

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