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Institutional trauma, absence of accountability, and psychopathology in a juvenile serial homicide case
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-05-25)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Obregón, Jennifer
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Guerrero, Brenda
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Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
Juan Fernando Hermosa, infamously known as “The Child of Terror, ” committed 23 murders in Ecuador between 1991 and 1992. This perspective article offers a conceptual and theoretical analysis of the interplay between institutional trauma, accountability, and psychopathology in juvenile justice settings, using Hermosa’s trajectory as an illustrative example. Drawing on publicly available judicial records, academic literature, and journalistic sources, we advance the argument that institutional trauma, harm inflicted or exacerbated by juvenile justice and residential systems themselves, and the complete absence of organizational accountability may interact to worsen, rather than reduce, severe antisocial outcomes. Hermosa’s incarceration at the Virgilio Guerrero Institute is examined not as empirical evidence but as a theoretically informative case that highlights the potential consequences of punitive, non-rehabilitative environments. We propose that without procedural, therapeutic, restorative, and systemic accountability mechanisms, juvenile justice settings risk becoming trauma-generating institutions that compound pre-existing psychopathology. Particular attention is given to the hypothesized intersection of early childhood maltreatment and later institutional trauma as a pathway toward severe antisocial development. This perspective concludes by outlining key accountability mechanisms, external oversight, youth grievance procedures, trauma-informed staff training, and transparent error remediation, as essential components for preventing the escalation of violence among at-risk youth. The article aims to stimulate theoretical discussion and inform policy reform rather than to generalize from a single case. Copyright © 2026 Ramos-Galarza, Obregón, Guerrero and Cruz-Cárdenas.
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Electronic Word of Mouth and Sustainability: A Bibliometric Approach
(Springer Nature Switzerland, 2026)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Ramos-Galarza, Carlos
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Palacio-Fierro, Andrés
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Guadalupe-Lanas, Jorge
Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) is a type of human-computer interaction that comprises simple, two-way communication, disseminating information about companies, brands, and products through digital spaces. Given the significant interest in eWOM, various extant studies have sought to structure this field of study through a bibliometric approach. As the literature on eWOM has continued to grow, bibliometric studies on eWOM have begun to be specialized. Following this line of work, the present bibliometric study seeks to unravel eWOM’s structure as it applies to sustainability, a topic of great current importance. Using the Scopus database, 1,968 documents were identified. Descriptive and productivity analyses characterize the field of eWOM and sustainability as a rapidly growing and multidisciplinary field, in which China and the United States stand out in the literature. Science mapping analyses have identified four clusters of terms associated with research lines: 1) human behavior in eWOM, 2) social aspects of eWOM and sustainability, 3) eWOM’s impact on sustainability and tourism, and 4) eWOM’s technological aspects and measurement. The overlay visualization of term analysis reveals an evolution in research interest, progressing from technological aspects, through economic and behavioral aspects, to the current emphasis on sustainability and tourism. Finally, this study discusses these results’ implications for theory and practice. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.
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The hierarchical scaffolding model of executive functioning in university students: a self-reported explanatory approach
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-07-29)
Díaz-Guerra, Diego D.
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Hernández-Lugo, Marena de la C.
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Ramos-Galarza, Carlos
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Broche-Pérez, Yunier
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Arias Flores, Hugo Patricio
Introduction Executive functions are cognitive processes that are fundamental to academic success among university students. However, most explanatory models have been developed using laboratory-based tasks, which limits their ecological validity. Self-report measures offer a complementary approach by capturing perceived executive functioning in real academic contexts. Objective To construct and validate an explanatory model of executive functioning in Cuban university student Methods A cross-sectional sample of 1,233 students was analyzed (mean age = 20.08 years, SD = ±1.02; 59.3% women). The Cuban adaptation of the UEF-1 was administered. Analyses combined decision trees using the CHAID method to identify predictors and structural equation modeling (SEM) to confirm the relationships among variables and construct a unified model. Results The final model showed satisfactory fit (CFI = 0.915, RMSEA = 0.048, SRMR = 0.045). Executive functions were organized into four hierarchical levels: (1) Metacognitive Evaluation and Supervision, comprising Conscious Monitoring of Responsibilities and Behavioral Verification for Learning; (2) Emotional and Behavioral Regulation, comprising Conscious Regulation of Emotions and Conscious Regulation of Behavior; (3) the Operational Attentional System; and (4) Goal-Directed Action and Task Resolution, comprising Decision-Making and Management of Elements to Solve Tasks. Conclusion The proposed model constitutes the first unified explanatory framework of executive functioning in Cuban university students, specifically as assessed through self-report measures. Its four-level hierarchical structure provides an empirically grounded guide for future research and interventions, capturing the subjective dimension of executive performance as a complementary and ecologically relevant level of analysis closely tied to academic adaptation and self-regulation.
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Advancements in Assistive Robotics: A Systematic Review of Inclusive Technologies for People With Disabilities
(2025)
Zapata, Mireya
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Diego Guevara
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Jennifer Obregón
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Arias Flores, Hugo Patricio
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos
According to the World Health Organization, approximately 16% of the global population lives with some form of disability, be it physical, sensory, intellectual, or psychosocial. Individuals with disabilities face numerous challenges related to mobility, communication, access to education, and other essential aspects of daily life. In this context, robotic technologies have emerged as innovative solutions aimed at improving autonomy, rehabilitation, and social inclusion. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and synthesize the scientific evidence on robotic technologies developed to support people with disabilities. More specifically, the review sought to analyze the temporal and geographical distribution of research, classify the types of robotic technologies and their applications, examine methodological characteristics and participant demographics, and highlight the key contributions and gaps reported in the included studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore. From an initial pool of 6,290 articles, 89 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The results were categorized into five main themes: publication trends, types of robotic technologies and applications, methodological characteristics, participant demographics, and key contributions. The findings reveal a strong concentration of research on articulated robots for physical disabilities, alongside limited exploration of intellectual, sensory, and psychosocial contexts. While robotic interventions demonstrate significant potential for rehabilitation and daily assistance, challenges remain regarding sample sizes, diversity of disabilities addressed, and long-term validation studies. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of the state of the art in assistive robotics and identifies future research directions to enhance inclusion, accessibility, and clinical integration
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Cognitive and emotional predictors of self-regulated learning: a structural model based on executive functions, learning strategies, and sense of coherence
(2025)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Jennifer Obregón
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Nancy Lepe-Martínez
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Milenko Del Valle
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Brenda Guerrero-Tates
Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) is a complex process that enables university students to consciously manage their learning and achieve strong academic performance throughout their academic career. This process is influenced by various factors, particularly within the cognitive and emotional domains. Specifically, SRL is shaped by variables such as Executive Functions, Sense of Coherence, and Learning Management Strategies. In this study, we hypothesized that Conscious Monitoring of Responsibilities, Supervisory Attentional System, Deliberate Emotion Regulation, Manageability, Meaningfulness, and Conscious Motivational Strategies contribute significantly to the variance observed in SRL. Two explanatory models were proposed to represent the dynamic relationships among these variables. The study involved a sample of 1316 university students from two Latin American countries: Chile (n = 631, Mage=20.18, SD=2.06) and Ecuador (n = 685, Mage=20.71, SD=1.99). Three scales were used to assess the variables included in the models, each demonstrating acceptable to strong internal consistency (α=0.70 to 0.85). The results revealed moderate to strong correlations among the variables (r = 0.27 to 0.64). The explained variance of SRL was 24% for the emotional and 30% for the cognitive dimensions. Both proposed models demonstrated adequate fit indices (CFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.05, SRMR=0.04), supporting the structural validity of the models. These findings suggest that SRL is the result of a complex interaction between cognitive and emotional factors. The models proposed in this study offer a valuable foundation for the development of targeted interventions aimed at enhancing SRL in university students and, consequently, improving their academic performance
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Executive functions in university students from Chile and Ecuador: Dataset
(2025)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Diego D. Díaz-Guerra
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Marena de la C. Hernández-Lugo
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Bolaños-Pasquel, Mónica
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Yunier Broche-Pérez
Executive functions are high-level cognitive abilities that enable individuals to regulate their behavior and thought processes consciously. In the university setting, students must effectively utilize these functions to achieve success in both their personal and academic development. The key executive functions relevant to the university context include: the supervisory attentional system, deliberate emotional regulation, conscious monitoring of responsibilities, behavior verification for learning, task organization, conscious behavior regulation, and decision-making. This dataset comprises 1373 surveys from university students in Ecuador and Chile, aged between 17 and 33 years (Mage = 20.53, SD = 2.34). It includes descriptive statistical values for the sample, item responses, and detailed descriptions of each evaluated variable. This database is designed to facilitate further analysis of the Executive Functions Scale and the role of these cognitive skills in the university environment.
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A Bibliometric Approach to Existing Literature on Teleworking
(2024)
Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Ekaterina Zabelina
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Olga Deyneka
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Andrés Palacio-Fierro
Teleworking or telecommuting implies that employees perform their duties mainly from home or outside the facilities of the organizations to which they belong. The growth of academic and scientific interest in teleworking has accelerated markedly since the Covid-19 pandemic. The present study contributes to the academic research area of teleworking by organizing and structuring existing knowledge using a bibliometric approach. This study has selected Scopus as a database, and the applied search strategy has generated 8,692 documents. The descriptive analyses (using performance measures) conducted on this body of literature have confirmed the rapid increase in academic and scientific publications. The results indicate that the research on teleworking can be characterized as a multidisciplinary field, where the institutions and universities of developed countries play a leading role. Science mapping establishes the following four areas of research: 1) technological aspects that support teleworking, 2) advantages and disadvantages of teleworking, 3) human aspects of teleworking, and 4) Covid-19, teleworking, and home. The analysis of overlay visualization of terms helps identify the historical evolution of the topics of interest. This evolution starts from issues focused on technology and then addresses the issue of the human being as the center of interest. In recent years, the interest has focused on the Covid-19 pandemic. Finally, the present work discusses these research results and provides guidelines for future studies.
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Evaluation of Augmented Reality Applications for the Teaching-Learning Process
(2024)
Cóndor-Herrera, Omar
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Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Bolaños-Pasquel, Mónica
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Clemencia Marcayata-Fajardo
Different studies show that A.R. has been implemented in several areas of education with positive and encouraging results, for example, in the teaching of anatomy [1] in the literature [23] for reading comprehension, immersive learning [1], preschool education, creation of educational video games to name a few examples. Therefore, the present research project aimed to evaluate 3 augmented reality applications used in the learning of human body systems, the applications evaluated were: Virtualiti Tee, Merge Object Viewer and Humanoid 4d. The evaluation of the platforms focused on determining which one offered the best augmented reality animations, the quality of information on the subject, the design of each application, the best application from the students’ perspective, among other aspects evaluated. The population consisted of 81 people made up of 36 men and 45 women whose age varies between 13 and 16 years of age (Mage=14,074), the exogenous variables were controlled: gender, socioeconomic level, age and academic level, so these characteristics were homogeneous in all participants. The intervention project was worked on in 8 sessions with a duration of 40 min each, in the last session the data collection instrument was applied which consisted of a survey, once the instrument was applied, we proceeded with the analysis and processing of the data from which the following results are derived, according to 42% of the students, the best application to study the systems of the body 43% of students consider that the application that has the best animations with augmented reality is Virtualiti Tee and 53% indicated that the application that provides the most complete information on the subject is HUMANOID 4D.
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Serious Games Created for Cognitive Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
(2024)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Patricia García-Cruz
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Bolaños-Pasquel, Mónica
Cognitive rehabilitation is a process by which people who have suffered some type of brain impairment recover their mental abilities. This type of treatment has classically been carried out with concrete materials of pencil and paper, however, currently the use of technology has provided a significant contribution to improve the motivation and interest of patients involved in this process. In this research, a systematic review of the main studies that have generated some type of technology for the cognitive stimulation and rehabilitation process was carried out. In the collection of studies, 24 published articles were found that allowed understanding aspects such as sample size, age, gender, countries, continents, type of interventions and the main technological developments that have been developed in recent years in favor of cognitive stimulation and rehabilitation. The results are discussed in relation to the importance of conducting this type of studies in favor of the treatment processes and the need to improve the quality of the treatment process
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Psychological Factors that Influence Decision Making at the Time of Purchase
(2024)
Ramos Galarza, Carlos
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Micaela Silva
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Cruz Cárdenas, Jorge
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Bolaños-Pasquel, Mónica
In the buying process there are several factors that determine consumer behavior, which is a central topic of interest in the Neuromarketing research line. In this article we reflect on psychological factors that influence this context: Following fashion stereotypes, the role of the frontal lobe, product purchase anxiety, the psychology behind colors, and personality traits that influence the buying process. The methodology followed was the review of classic research and theories that allowed us to analyze the psychological factors involved in the buying process. The article ends by discussing the need to understand the factors discussed in this research in order to better understand consumer behavior.
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