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Green transition and productive structure in Latin America: the role of innovation, finance, and the energy matrix in ALADI countries
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-06-22)
Morales-Urrutia, Ximena
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Núñez-Naranjo, Aracelly Fernanda
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Solórzano, Melissa
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Naranjo-Gaibor, Jefferson Napoleon
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Acosta-Vargas, Patricia
Introduction The green transition in Latin America takes place within structurally heterogeneous economies characterized by dependence on primary exports, uneven technological capabilities, and partially diversified energy matrices. This study examines how technological innovation, financial development, renewable energy consumption, trade openness, economic growth, and industrialization influence CO 2 emissions in member countries of the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI). Methods A balanced panel dataset covering 11 ALADI countries for the period 2000–2021 was analyzed using a two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM) estimator. This approach addresses endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and the dynamic persistence of emissions. Additional robustness analyses were conducted using pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Random Effects (RE) estimators. Results The findings indicate that structural factors are the main determinants of CO 2 emissions. Industrialization and trade openness exert positive and statistically significant effects, highlighting the role of productive structure and international integration in shaping environmental outcomes. Economic growth is also positively associated with emissions, suggesting that production expansion remains linked to environmental pressure. In contrast, technological innovation, renewable energy consumption, and financial development do not exhibit statistically significant effects in the dynamic specification. Discussion The results suggest that the green transition in ALADI countries is not automatic and cannot be driven solely by technological progress or financial expansion. Persistent structural characteristics, including carbon-intensive productive systems and patterns of global economic integration, continue to constrain environmental sustainability. Achieving a successful transition therefore requires deeper transformations in productive structures, industrial policies, and energy systems to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.
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Determinants of the Ecological Footprint in ALADI Countries: Economic Growth, Trade Openness, Energy Intensity, and ICT Services Exports
(MDPI AG, 2026-05-26)
Morales-Urrutia, Ximena
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Núñez-Naranjo, Aracelly Fernanda
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Solórzano, Melissa
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Pico-Barrionuevo, Fanny
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Acosta-Vargas, Patricia
Environmental degradation has become a critical structural challenge for sustainable development, particularly in regions where economic growth remains closely linked to natural resource exploitation. In Latin America, and specifically within ALADI countries, limited empirical evidence exists on the dynamic interactions among economic growth, trade integration, energy efficiency, and digital transformation in shaping environmental pressures. This study addresses this gap by employing a dynamic panel data approach based on System GMM for the period 2000–2021. The results reveal that economic growth and trade openness have a positive, statistically significant effect on the ecological footprint, confirming the persistence of scale effects and the absence of structural decoupling between economic expansion and environmental degradation. In contrast, energy intensity and ICT service exports, although positively associated with environmental pressure, did not show statistically significant effects, suggesting that their role in driving sustainability transitions remains limited under current structural conditions. These findings highlight that structural economic factors predominantly drive environmental dynamics in the ALADI region, while the estimated effects associated with technological and efficiency-related variables remain comparatively weak and statistically inconclusive under current structural conditions. From a policy perspective, the study underscores the need for deeper structural transformations, including cleaner energy transitions, stronger environmental regulation in trade, and a more effective integration of digitalization into sustainability strategies. The study contributes to the literature by providing robust dynamic evidence on socio-environmental interactions in developing economies and advancing the understanding of sustainability transitions in Latin America. © 2026 by the authors.
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E-government: Performance of the public sector from a comparative perspective [Desempeño del gobierno electrónico desde una perspectiva comparada a nivel mundial]
(2020)
Morales-Urrutia, Ximena
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Morales-Urrutia D.
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Simbaña-Taipe L.
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Guerrero-Valástegui C.
This paper aims to provide an analysis of e-government in selected countries, both conceptually and empirically. In order to do this, a bibliographical review pertinent to the subject matter of the study is taken as a starting point. Subsequently, the work is completed with an analysis of the performance and main characteristics of this phenomenon. The data analyzed come mainly from official sources, specifically from the E-Government Development Index survey for the period 2008-2018. On the basis of this analysis, we attempt to draw provisional conclusions on e-government performance in countries that have adopted this trend. © 2020, Associacao Iberica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informacao. All rights reserved.
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Smart tourism and the application of ICT: The contribution of digital tools
(2020)
Morales-Urrutia, Ximena
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Morales-Urrutia D.
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Simabaña-Taipe L.
;
Ramírez C.A.B.
The objective of the research was to analyze the main conceptual contributions of intelligent tourism, offering an approximation to this phenomenon from the theoretical and empirical point of view. A review of the literature related to the conceptualization of smart cities and smart tourism was carried out. The use of Information and Communication Technologies in enterprises related to hospitality and food service activities under the ISIC4 classification was also analyzed based on official data from the Ecuadorian Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC) of the surveys corresponding to the 2012-2015 period. Based on this analysis, provisional conclusions were drawn about the role of information and communication technologies in activities related to the tourism sector and their possible contribution to the diversification of competitiveness in Ecuador. © 2020, Associacao Iberica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informacao. All rights reserved.
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