Bonilla Bedoya, Santiago
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Preferred name
Bonilla Bedoya, Santiago
Main Affiliation
Quito
Email
santiagobonilla@uti.edu.ec
ORCID
Scopus Author ID
55360745200

Research Output
Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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The effect of national protest in Ecuador on PM pollution

2021 , Zalakeviciute R. , Alexandrino K. , Mejia D. , Bastidas M.G. , Oleas N.H. , Gabela D. , Chau P.N. , Bonilla Bedoya, Santiago , Diaz V. , Rybarczyk Y.

Particulate matter (PM) accounts for millions of premature deaths in the human population every year. Due to social and economic inequality, growing human dissatisfaction manifests in waves of strikes and protests all over the world, causing paralysis of institutions, services and circulation of transport. In this study, we aim to investigate air quality in Ecuador during the national protest of 2019, by studying the evolution of PM2.5 (PM ≤ 2.5 µm) concentrations in Ecuador and its capital city Quito using ground based and satellite data. Apart from analyzing the PM2.5 evolution over time to trace the pollution changes, we employ machine learning techniques to estimate these changes relative to the business-as-usual pollution scenario. In addition, we present a chemical analysis of plant samples from an urban park housing the strike. Positive impact on regional air quality was detected for Ecuador, and an overall − 10.75 ± 17.74% reduction of particulate pollution in the capital during the protest. However, barricade burning PM peaks may contribute to a release of harmful heavy metals (tire manufacture components such as Co, Cr, Zn, Al, Fe, Pb, Mg, Ba and Cu), which might be of short- and long-term health concerns. © 2021, The Author(s).

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Spatio-temporal evaluation of air pollution using ground-based and satellite data during COVID-19 in Ecuador

2024 , Mejía C D. , Faican G. , Zalakeviciute R. , Matovelle C. , Bonilla Bedoya, Santiago , Sobrino J.A.

The concentration of gases in the atmosphere is a topic of growing concern due to its effects on health, ecosystems etc. Its monitoring is commonly carried out through ground stations which offer high precision and temporal resolution. However, in countries with few stations, such as Ecuador, these data fail to adequately describe the spatial variability of pollutant concentrations. Remote sensing data have great potential to solve this complication. This study evaluates the spatiotemporal distribution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations in Quito and Cuenca, using data obtained from ground-based and Sentinel-5 Precursor mission sources during the years 2019 and 2020. Moreover, a Linear Regression Model (LRM) was employed to analyze the correlation between ground-based and satellite datasets, revealing positive associations for O3 (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 0.18) and NO2 (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 0.25) in Quito; and O3 (R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 0.23) and NO2, (R2 = 0.73, RMSE = 0.23) for Cuenca. The agreement between ground-based and satellite datasets was analyzed by employing the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), reflecting good agreement between them (ICC ≥0.57); and using Bland and Altman coefficients, which showed low bias and that more than 95% of the differences are within the limits of agreement. Furthermore, the study investigated the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-related restrictions, such as social distancing and isolation, on atmospheric conditions. This was categorized into three periods for 2019 and 2020: before (from January 1st to March 15th), during (from March 16th to May 17th), and after (from March 18th to December 31st). A 51% decrease in NO2 concentrations was recorded for Cuenca, while Quito experienced a 14.7% decrease. The tropospheric column decreased by 27.3% in Cuenca and 15.1% in Quito. O3 showed an increasing trend, with tropospheric concentrations rising by 0.42% and 0.11% for Cuenca and Quito respectively, while the concentration in Cuenca decreased by 14.4%. Quito experienced an increase of 10.5%. Finally, the reduction of chemical species in the atmosphere as a consequence of mobility restrictions is highlighted. This study compared satellite and ground station data for NO2 and O3 concentrations. Despite differing units preventing data validation, it verified the Sentinel-5P satellite's effectiveness in anomaly detection. Our research's value lies in its applicability to developing countries, which may lack extensive monitoring networks, demonstrating the potential use of satellite technology in urban planning. © 2024

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Sentinel satellite data monitoring of air pollutants with interpolation methods in Guayaquil, Ecuador

2023 , Mejía C. D. , Alvarez H. , Zalakeviciute R. , Macancela D. , Sanchez C. , Bonilla Bedoya, Santiago

In Ecuador, there is a limitation on air quality monitoring due to the cost of monitoring networks. Although air quality monitoring stations are instruments for air measurement, they do not cover an entire city due to their scope. Satellite remote sensing is now an effective tool to study atmospheric pollutants and has been applied to continuously assess a region and overcome the limitations of fixed stations. Despite the application of satellite data for air quality monitoring, there are some limitations, such as measurement frequency, cloud cover and wide spatial resolution, which do not allow the assessment of air pollution in cities. Therefore, downscaling, applying interpolation methods, is essential for continuous air quality monitoring at smaller scales. For this research, Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) data from the Sentinel-5 satellite percussor was used in the city of Guayaquil for January–December 2020, which is considered before, during and after the COVID-19 quarantine. This mid-size port city does not have a permanent monitoring network, which prevents us from knowing the air quality. Due to the limitation of pixel size, this study used satellite data to apply interpolation techniques and reduce pixels to assess air quality. Two categories of interpolation were selected: deterministic and stochastic. The empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) interpolation obtained a R2 of 0.9546, which was superior to the other methods applied. Therefore, the EBK method had the best accuracy for tropospheric NO2 concentration. Finally, the method used in this research can help monitor air quality in cities lacking continuous monitoring networks, as the reduction of the pixel size gives us a better pattern of pollutants. © 2023 The Authors

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Gradient boosting machine to assess the public protest impact on urban air quality

2021 , Zalakeviciute R. , Rybarczyk Y. , Alexandrino K. , Bonilla Bedoya, Santiago , Mejia D. , Bastidas M. , Diaz V.

Political and economic protests build-up due to the financial uncertainty and inequality spreading throughout the world. In 2019, Latin America took the main stage in a wave of protests. While the social side of protests is widely explored, the focus of this study is the evolution of gaseous urban air pollutants during and after one of these events. Changes in concentrations of NO2, CO, O3 and SO2 during and after the strike, were studied in Quito, Ecuador using two approaches: (i) inter-period observational analysis; and (ii) machine learning (ML) gradient boosting machine (GBM) developed business-as-usual (BAU) comparison to the observations. During the strike, both methods showed a large reduction in the concentrations of NO2 (31.5–32.36%) and CO (15.55–19.85%) and a slight reduction for O3 and SO2. The GBM approach showed an exclusive potential, especially for a lengthier period of predictions, to estimate strike impact on air quality even after the strike was over. This advocates for the use of machine learning techniques to estimate an extended effect of changes in human activities on urban gaseous pollution. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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Spatiotemporal variation of forest cover and its relation to air quality in urban Andean socio-ecological systems

2021 , Bonilla Bedoya, Santiago , Zalakeviciute R. , Coronel D.M. , Durango-Cordero J. , Molina J.R. , Macedo-Pezzopane J.E. , Herrera M.Á.

Confronting the dynamics of global urbanization is one of the challenges of sustainability in the 21st century. Latin America is expected to be one of the regions with the highest urban growth; however, research related to variations in urban land coverage and air quality is relatively new, despite its importance for urban planning and citizens well-being. This study determines the relationship between the spatial variability of some atmospheric pollutants and changes in land cover in a Andean mountain cities of Latin American. We quantified the changes and transitions of land cover using SPOT optical images and generating an object-based classification. In addition, we identified variations in the mean concentrations of some atmospheric pollutants; and, finally, using various linear regression models, we explained the relationship between the spatiotemporal variation of atmospheric pollutants with the spatiotemporal variations of the land cover and some meteorological and topographical factors. Changes in land cover indicated an increase of impervious cover and a loss of urban non-forest vegetation. However, there was also an increase in forest fragments and urban woodland to the detriment of green areas and shrubbery. On the other hand, the concentrations of the air pollutants CO, O3, and PM2.5 showed significant variations between periods, reducing their concentrations in the air. Finally, land cover such as forests and urban trees, as well as meteorological and topographical factors were associated with and explained (r2 > 0.6) the spatiotemporal variation of air pollutants. Urban green infrastructure management in developing regions should consider a multidisciplinary approach to achieve an equitable and minimum distribution of local green infrastructure; by promoting conditions that allow the conversion of land use and coverage, in order to maximize the benefits and the ecosystemic forest services that a city demands. © 2021 Elsevier GmbH

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Central parks as air quality oases in the tropical Andean city of Quito

2024 , Zalakeviciute R. , Bonilla Bedoya, Santiago , Mejia Coronel D. , Bastidas M. , Buenano A. , Diaz-Marquez A.

Urban ecosystem is an intricate agglomeration of human, fauna and flora populations coexisting in natural and artificial environments. As a city develops and expands over time; it may become unbalanced, affecting the quality of ecosystem and urban services and leading to environmental and health problems. Fine particulate matter (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm - PM2.5) is the air pollutant posing the greatest risk to human health. Quito, the capital city of Ecuador, exhibits a high occurrence of exposure to unhealthy levels of PM2.5 due to a combination of natural and social variables. This study focused on three central parks of this high elevation city, investigating the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations. The particle pollution was then modeled using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Hazardous instantaneous levels of PM2.5 were consistently found on the edges of the parks along busy avenues, which are also the most frequented areas. This raises concerns about both short- and long-term exposures to toxic traffic pollution in recreational areas within urban dwellings in the global south. The NDVI model successfully predicted the spatial concentrations of PM2.5 in a smaller urban park, suggesting its potential application in other cities. However, further research is required to validate its effectiveness. © 2024 The Authors

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