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Unraveling the association between obesity and climacteric symptoms: a generalized structural equation modeling approach
(2025)
Sócrates Aedo
;
Juan Enrique Blümel
;
María Soledad Vallejo
;
Claudia Rey
;
Marcio Alexandre Rodrigues
Objective: – To assess the direct and indirect associations between obesity and the severity of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women, considering related conditions such as chronic diseases and physical activity. Methods: – This observational subanalysis utilized data from the REDLINC XII multinational study, which included 722 postmenopausal women aged 70 or younger from 9 Latin American countries. Menopausal symptoms were measured using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Clinical, behavioral, and sociodemographic data were obtained through physician-administered surveys. Generalized Structural Equation Modeling was employed to examine the direct and indirect relationships between obesity, chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and physical activity, and MRS scores. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to enhance interpretability. Results: – A total of 722 participants were included. Obesity was directly associated with higher MRS scores (OR = 1.75). In addition, obesity exhibited indirect associations with MRS scores, with an odds ratio of 19.07, through chronic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity, and chronic cardiovascular or respiratory diseases. The total association between obesity and MRS scores was reflected in an OR of 33.45. Furthermore, physical inactivity and the use of antidepressants were associated with greater symptom severity, whereas higher educational attainment, regular physical activity, and menopausal hormone therapy were associated with lower MRS scores. Conclusions: – Obesity is strongly associated with more severe menopausal symptoms, both directly and through related chronic conditions and behavioral factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish temporal and causal inferences. © 2025 by The Menopause Society
5
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Association of menopausal symptoms on work performance in midlife Latin American women
(2026)
Konstantinos Tserotas
;
Juan E. Blümel
;
Peter Chedraui
;
María S. Vallejo
;
Mónica Ñañez
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between the severity of menopausal symptoms and work-related outcomes and performance. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 3,523 women aged 40-60 from 30 health care centres across 12 Latin American countries. The severity of menopausal symptoms was assessed with the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Work-related outcomes were surveyed, including absenteeism, medical visits, perceived reduced work performance, impact of menopause on work performance, and job loss. Comparisons employed suitable tests based on data distribution, and logistic regression was used to assess associations, adjusting for covariates such as menopausal symptoms, comorbidities, age, and education. RESULTS: Women with severe menopausal symptoms (total MRS score ≥14 points) were significantly older (51.1 ± 5.1 vs 49.7 ± 5.6y), had a higher body mass index (27.4 ± 4.8 vs 26.7 ± 4.6 kg/m 2 ), were postmenopausal in a higher proportion (69.9% vs 52.2%), had more comorbidities (42.8% vs 27.6%), higher smoking prevalence, and lower educational attainment. In addition, these women significantly reported more medical leaves (42.4% vs 29.5%), more medical visits (mean: 3.9 vs 2.5 visits), and a more significant perceived reduction of work performance (82.1% vs 56.7%). They also were more likely to believe that menopause significantly reduced their work capacity (67.0% vs 24.0%), had a higher prevalence of job dismissals (6.9% vs 2.0%), and more voluntary resignations or early retirements (8.1% vs 4.7%). Binary logistic regression determined that severe menopausal symptoms, subsequently adjusted for covariates, were primarily associated with more work absenteeism (aOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.41-1.90), more medical visits (aOR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.97-3.05), decreased work performance (aOR: 3.13; CI 95%: 2.65-3.69), the perception of menopause negatively impacting their work performance (aOR: 5.84; 95% CI: 5.01-6.80), more job dismissals (aOR: 3.23; 95% CI: 2.21-4.72), and more voluntary resignations or early retirements (aOR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.08-1.93). CONCLUSION: In this large sample of midlife Latin American women, severe menopausal symptoms were associated with reduced work capacity and adverse work-related outcomes. Copyright © 2025 by The Menopause Society.
17
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Unraveling the association between obesity and climacteric symptoms: a generalized structural equation modeling approach
(2025)
Sócrates Aedo
;
Juan Enrique Blümel
;
María Soledad Vallejo
;
Claudia Rey
;
Marcio Alexandre Rodrigues
Objective: To assess the direct and indirect associations between obesity and the severity of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women, considering related conditions such as chronic diseases and physical activity. Methods: This observational subanalysis utilized data from the REDLINC XII multinational study, which included 722 postmenopausal women aged 70 or younger from 9 Latin American countries. Menopausal symptoms were measured using the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Clinical, behavioral, and sociodemographic data were obtained through physician-administered surveys. Generalized Structural Equation Modeling was employed to examine the direct and indirect relationships between obesity, chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and physical activity, and MRS scores. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to enhance interpretability. Results: A total of 722 participants were included. Obesity was directly associated with higher MRS scores (OR = 1.75). In addition, obesity exhibited indirect associations with MRS scores, with an odds ratio of 19.07, through chronic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity, and chronic cardiovascular or respiratory diseases. The total association between obesity and MRS scores was reflected in an OR of 33.45. Furthermore, physical inactivity and the use of antidepressants were associated with greater symptom severity, whereas higher educational attainment, regular physical activity, and menopausal hormone therapy were associated with lower MRS scores. Conclusions: Obesity is strongly associated with more severe menopausal symptoms, both directly and through related chronic conditions and behavioral factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish temporal and causal inferences.
12

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