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Author: search.filters.author.Morales-Urrutia, XimenaLanguage: search.filters.language.English (United States)

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    Green transition and productive structure in Latin America: the role of innovation, finance, and the energy matrix in ALADI countries
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2026-06-22)
    Morales-Urrutia, Ximena
    ;
    Núñez-Naranjo, Aracelly Fernanda  
    ;
    Solórzano, Melissa
    ;
    Naranjo-Gaibor, Jefferson Napoleon
    ;
    Acosta-Vargas, Patricia
    Introduction The green transition in Latin America takes place within structurally heterogeneous economies characterized by dependence on primary exports, uneven technological capabilities, and partially diversified energy matrices. This study examines how technological innovation, financial development, renewable energy consumption, trade openness, economic growth, and industrialization influence CO 2 emissions in member countries of the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI). Methods A balanced panel dataset covering 11 ALADI countries for the period 2000–2021 was analyzed using a two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM) estimator. This approach addresses endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and the dynamic persistence of emissions. Additional robustness analyses were conducted using pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Random Effects (RE) estimators. Results The findings indicate that structural factors are the main determinants of CO 2 emissions. Industrialization and trade openness exert positive and statistically significant effects, highlighting the role of productive structure and international integration in shaping environmental outcomes. Economic growth is also positively associated with emissions, suggesting that production expansion remains linked to environmental pressure. In contrast, technological innovation, renewable energy consumption, and financial development do not exhibit statistically significant effects in the dynamic specification. Discussion The results suggest that the green transition in ALADI countries is not automatic and cannot be driven solely by technological progress or financial expansion. Persistent structural characteristics, including carbon-intensive productive systems and patterns of global economic integration, continue to constrain environmental sustainability. Achieving a successful transition therefore requires deeper transformations in productive structures, industrial policies, and energy systems to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.
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    Determinants of the Ecological Footprint in ALADI Countries: Economic Growth, Trade Openness, Energy Intensity, and ICT Services Exports
    (MDPI AG, 2026-05-26)
    Morales-Urrutia, Ximena
    ;
    Núñez-Naranjo, Aracelly Fernanda  
    ;
    Solórzano, Melissa
    ;
    Pico-Barrionuevo, Fanny
    ;
    Acosta-Vargas, Patricia
    Environmental degradation has become a critical structural challenge for sustainable development, particularly in regions where economic growth remains closely linked to natural resource exploitation. In Latin America, and specifically within ALADI countries, limited empirical evidence exists on the dynamic interactions among economic growth, trade integration, energy efficiency, and digital transformation in shaping environmental pressures. This study addresses this gap by employing a dynamic panel data approach based on System GMM for the period 2000–2021. The results reveal that economic growth and trade openness have a positive, statistically significant effect on the ecological footprint, confirming the persistence of scale effects and the absence of structural decoupling between economic expansion and environmental degradation. In contrast, energy intensity and ICT service exports, although positively associated with environmental pressure, did not show statistically significant effects, suggesting that their role in driving sustainability transitions remains limited under current structural conditions. These findings highlight that structural economic factors predominantly drive environmental dynamics in the ALADI region, while the estimated effects associated with technological and efficiency-related variables remain comparatively weak and statistically inconclusive under current structural conditions. From a policy perspective, the study underscores the need for deeper structural transformations, including cleaner energy transitions, stronger environmental regulation in trade, and a more effective integration of digitalization into sustainability strategies. The study contributes to the literature by providing robust dynamic evidence on socio-environmental interactions in developing economies and advancing the understanding of sustainability transitions in Latin America. © 2026 by the authors.