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Author: search.filters.author.Gloria Acosta-Vargas

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    Web Accessibility in the Portals of the Countries in the Latin American Index of Artificial Intelligence
    (2025)
    Patricia Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Gloria Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Belén Salvador-Acosta
    ;
    Jadán Guerrero, Janio  
    This study assesses the web accessibility of portals from the Latin American Artificial Intelligence Index (ILIA) countries, emphasizing the digital inclusion of users with disabilities. Using the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.2) as a reference point, the study focuses on the four principles of accessibility: perceptibility, operability, comprehensibility, and robustness. The results show that 43.20 % of the sites met the (minimum) contrast requirements, and 26.48 % met the navigability W3C recommendations. Chile (ranked first, score 73.07) presented 15 contrast issues and six errors overall, demonstrating a firm adherence to accessibility. Brazil (ranked second, with a score of 69.30) showed six contrast issues and eight errors, indicating a solid performance. However, Cuba and Venezuela had significant problems, with 25 and 34 errors, respectively. In contrast, Uruguay ranked high with no errors in contrast and perceptibility, highlighting its leadership in web accessibility in the region. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and developers looking to improve accessibility and digital inclusion across Latin America's digital infrastructure.
      3
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    Addressing Web Accessibility Challenges with Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools for Inclusive Education
    (2024)
    Patricia Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Gloria Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Belén Salvador-Acosta
    ;
    Jadán Guerrero, Janio  
    This article addresses the comprehensive evaluation of web accessibility in 20 generative artificial intelligence (AI) applications, such as ChatGPT and DALL-E, through a five-phase approach. Common issues were identified, including inadequate image descriptions, lack of semantic structures, and keyboard navigation challenges. Despite the inherent complexity of generative tools, the importance of evaluating their accessibility to ensure the inclusion of users with diverse abilities is emphasized. The WAVE automatic tool was used to identify issues, and future directions are proposed, such as improving image descriptions and optimizing keyboard navigation. The most significant accessibility challenges are linked to minimal contrast, representing 38%, followed by issues in easy-To-read font and text alternatives, both at 15%, associated with the perceptible principle. The discussion covers areas for improvement, ethical implications, and strategies to foster continuous enhancement in generative AI accessibility, highlighting the importance of balancing benefits and ethical challenges. Future research includes developing techniques for automatically generating consistent image descriptions, refining semantic structures, and optimizing keyboard navigation. Additionally, it is imperative to improve automatic accessibility evaluation tools to address the unique challenges of generative AI applications.
      22
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    Evaluation of Accessibility on the PAR Platform from the Perspective of Physicians
    (2024)
    Patricia Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Gloria Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Marco Santórum
    ;
    Mayra Carrión-Toro
    ;
    Ayala-Chauvin, Manuel Ignacio  
      23
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    Implementing a Pulmonary Telerehabilitation Program for Young Adults with Post-COVID-19 Conditions: A Pilot Study
    (2024)
    Wilmer Esparza  
    ;
    Alfredo Noboa
    ;
    Camila Madera
    ;
    Patricia Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Gloria Acosta-Vargas
    Background: Several studies have shown that pulmonary telerehabilitation (PTR) improves respiratory capacity. However, there is little evidence of its effectiveness in youth with post-COVID-19 conditions (PCC). This study analyzed the effects of a PTR program on young adults with PCC. Methods: Sixteen youths were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) or an experimental group (EG), with eight participants each. The EG participated in a PTR program that included twelve remote, asynchronous four-week sessions with diaphragmatic breathing and aerobic exercises. Vital signs (SpO2, HR, RR, BP), physical capacity (sit-to-stand test), cardiorespiratory capacity (6-Minute Walk Test), and perceived exertion (Borg scale) were assessed in both groups. Results: Statistical analyses showed a significant decrease in RR and HR (p < 0.012) and an increase in SpO2 (p < 0.042), physical (p < 0.012), and respiratory (p < 0.028) capacity. Perceived effort decreased significantly in both groups (CG: p < 0.006; EG: p < 0.001) only for physical but not for cardiorespiratory capacity (p < 0.106). There were no statistical changes registered in BP (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The PTR program, which includes respiratory and aerobic exercises, is feasible and effective in improving physical and cardiorespiratory capacity in young people with PCC, as well as reducing HR, RR, and dyspnea.
      21
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    Web-based pulmonary telehabilitation: a systematic review
    (2024)
    Ayala-Chauvin, Manuel Ignacio  
    ;
    Chicaiza Claudio, Fernando  
    ;
    Patricia Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Jadán Guerrero, Janio  
    ;
    Verónica Maldonado-Garcés
    Web-based pulmonary telerehabilitation (WBPTR) can serve as a valuable tool when access to conventional care is limited. This review assesses a series of studies that explore pulmonary telerehabilitation programmes delivered via web-based platforms. The studies involved participants with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Of the 3190 participants, 1697 engaged in WBPTR platforms, while the remaining 1493 comprised the control groups. Sixteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Web-based pulmonary telerehabilitation led to an increase in daily step count (MD 446.66, 95% CI 96.47 to 796.86), though this did not meet the minimum clinically important difference. Additionally, WBPTR did not yield significant improvements in the six-minute walking test (MD 5.01, 95% CI − 5.19 to 15.21), health-related quality of life as measured by the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (MD − 0.15, 95% CI − 2.24 to 1.95), or the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (MD 0.17, 95% CI − 0.13 to 0.46). Moreover, there was no significant improvement in dyspnoea-related health status, as assessed by the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (MD − 0.01, 95% CI − 0.29 to 0.27) or the modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale (MD − 0.14, 95% CI − 0.43 to 0.14). Based on these findings, this review concludes that WBPTR does not offer substantial advantages over traditional care. While slight improvements in exercise performance were observed, no meaningful enhancements were noted in dyspnoea or quality of life metrics. Overall, WBPTR remains a complementary and accessible option for managing and monitoring COPD patients. However, further research and innovation are required to improve its efficacy and adapt it to various clinical environments.
      12
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    Web Accessibility in Latin American Universities: A Path to Global Rankings and Digital Inclusion
    (2025)
    Patricia Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Gloria Acosta-Vargas
    ;
    Belen Salvador-Acosta
    ;
    Marcos Chacon-Castro
    ;
    Jadán Guerrero, Janio  
    Web accessibility is increasingly recognized as a key factor in assessing higher education institutions’ quality, inclusion, and social responsibility. This topic is particularly relevant in Latin America, where significant disparities in digital equity and access to resources persist. This study analyzes the web accessibility of the top 20 Latin American universities based on their rankings in QS World University Rankings, Webometrics, SCImago Institutions Rankings, and Times Higher Education (THE). Using automated and manual assessment tools, including WAVE, PageSpeed ​​​​Insights, and expert assessments, the study identifies 434 contrast errors, 210 missing text alternatives, and 262 navigation issues on university websites. The results show that universities such as USP, UNAM, and Unicamp rank high in international rankings but have critical accessibility deficiencies, highlighting the gap between digital visibility and inclusion. By aligning with WCAG 2.2 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 9 (Industry and Innovation), and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), universities can improve global competitiveness while fostering digital inclusion. This research proposes a structured framework to promote accessibility through a seven-phase methodology, addressing barriers, implementing improvements, and validating effectiveness. The findings provide a systematic approach for universities to optimize accessibility, improve user experience, and strengthen their international positioning
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