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Author: search.filters.author.Visconti, PaoloLanguage: search.filters.language.English (United States)

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    Experimental and data-driven evaluation of transport-layer and application-layer security for MQTT-based IoT networks
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-12)
    Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina
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    Alvarez-Garcia, Maria Fernanda
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    Valdivia, Leonardo J.
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    Del-Puerto-Flores, José A.
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    Varela Aldas, José  
    The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) deployments has intensified the need for secure and efficient communication mechanisms tailored to resource-constrained devices. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is widely adopted due to its lightweight design; however, it lacks native security support, requiring external protection mechanisms that may significantly affect system performance. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and data-driven evaluation of two security paradigms for MQTT-based IoT networks implemented on ESP32 microcontrollers: transport-layer security using TLS and application-layer encryption based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) for key exchange combined with AES symmetric encryption. The analysis jointly evaluates memory utilization, end-to-end latency, energy consumption, and resistance to passive traffic interception under identical experimental conditions. In addition to conventional metric-based comparisons, multivariate statistical analysis and unsupervised learning techniques are employed as exploratory tools to characterize the system-level behavior induced by each security scheme. Results show that Transport Layer Security (TLS) offers stronger confidentiality guarantees at the cost of higher memory overhead, while the ECC–(Advanced Encryption Standard) AES approach significantly reduces memory footprint with moderate latency penalties and comparable energy consumption. Multivariate analysis further reveals that each security mechanism induces a distinct performance regime, providing a compact joint characterization of the security–performance trade-offs across the evaluated configurations.
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    Hybrid BLE–LoRa architectures for energy-efficient and resilient wireless sensor networks: Experimental validation and adaptive clustering strategies
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-06-03)
    Del-Valle-Soto, Carolina
    ;
    Briseño, Ramon A.
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    Valdivia, Leonardo J.
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    Varela Aldas, José  
    ;
    Visconti, Paolo
    Wireless Sensor Networks are increasingly deployed in mission-critical scenarios where resilience and energy efficiency are paramount. This paper presents a hybrid architecture combining Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Long Range (LoRa) technologies to enhance both robustness and energy-aware performance in adversarial environments characterized by reactive jamming attacks. A comprehensive experimental testbed was developed, integrating BLE and LoRa nodes, a dual-protocol gateway, and a reactive jammer emulator. We introduce an adaptive clustering algorithm that performs energy-aware role assignment and jamming mitigation based on signal anomaly detection and multi-metric routing. To validate its effectiveness, we conducted an extensive time-series analysis on energy consumption, retransmission rates, and signal resilience under both mitigated and non-mitigated conditions across BLE-only, LoRa-only, and hybrid BLE-LoRa networks. The results show protocol-dependent performance trade-offs under the proposed mitigation algorithm. While LoRa-only and hybrid BLE–LoRa networks exhibit consistent reductions in energy consumption, retransmissions, and variability, the BLE-only configuration demonstrates improved resilience at the cost of a moderate increase in energy usage and retransmission activity due to clustering and control overhead. Notably, the BLE-LoRa architecture balances delivery assurance and energy efficiency while maintaining communication even under interference. Furthermore, we provide statistical modeling and hypothesis testing confirming the mitigation algorithm’s significant impact. These findings offer a critical empirical contribution to the design of resilient and energy-aware heterogeneous WSNs and demonstrate the viability of real-time adaptive mitigation strategies for emerging smart environments