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Severity of menopausal symptoms is associated with lower work-related quality of life and job satisfaction in midlife Latin American women: REDLINC XIII
(2026)
María S. Vallejo
;
Juan E. Blümel
;
Peter Chedraui
;
Juan Matsumura-Kasano
;
Paolo Meza
Background: Female participation in the workforce has increased, particularly among women over 50; hence, the influence of menopause on occupational well-being requires greater attention. Although the epidemiology of climacteric symptoms has been well documented, their impact on job satisfaction and work-related quality of life remains underexplored, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and is virtually absent from large, multinational studies in Latin America. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between severe menopausal symptoms and occupational well-being among salaried, employed midlife women in Latin America. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2024 and January 2025 across 30 centres in 12 Latin American countries, with a total of 2035 employed women (aged 40 to 60 years). Menopausal symptoms were assessed with the Menopause Rating Scale, and occupational well-being domains were assessed using the Work-Related Quality of Life Scale and the Job Satisfaction Scale. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the contribution of menopausal symptom severity to occupational well-being. Results: Women with severe menopausal symptoms scored significantly lower across all domains of both the Job Satisfaction Scale and the Work-Related Quality of Life Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that menopausal symptoms were the strongest predictors of job satisfaction (R2 = 0.133). Higher education, menopausal hormone therapy use, and physical activity were positive predictors, whereas number of children, comorbidities, psychotropic medication use, and higher body mass index were associated with lower job satisfaction. For work-related quality of life (R2 = 0.121), education, physical activity, and sexual activity were the main positive predictors, while psychological and severe menopausal symptoms were the strongest negative predictors. The final models explained 13.3% of the variance in job satisfaction and 18.7% in work-related quality of life. Conclusions: This study, one of the first large multinational analyses in Latin-American, shows that the severity of menopausal symptoms is negatively associated with occupational well-being. These findings highlight the necessity for workplace strategies and public policies that recognise menopause as a significant determinant of women's occupational well-being. © 2026 Elsevier B.V.
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Association of menopausal symptoms on work performance in midlife Latin American women
(2026)
Konstantinos Tserotas
;
Juan E. Blümel
;
Peter Chedraui
;
María S. Vallejo
;
Mónica Ñañez
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between the severity of menopausal symptoms and work-related outcomes and performance. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 3,523 women aged 40-60 from 30 health care centres across 12 Latin American countries. The severity of menopausal symptoms was assessed with the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Work-related outcomes were surveyed, including absenteeism, medical visits, perceived reduced work performance, impact of menopause on work performance, and job loss. Comparisons employed suitable tests based on data distribution, and logistic regression was used to assess associations, adjusting for covariates such as menopausal symptoms, comorbidities, age, and education. RESULTS: Women with severe menopausal symptoms (total MRS score ≥14 points) were significantly older (51.1 ± 5.1 vs 49.7 ± 5.6y), had a higher body mass index (27.4 ± 4.8 vs 26.7 ± 4.6 kg/m 2 ), were postmenopausal in a higher proportion (69.9% vs 52.2%), had more comorbidities (42.8% vs 27.6%), higher smoking prevalence, and lower educational attainment. In addition, these women significantly reported more medical leaves (42.4% vs 29.5%), more medical visits (mean: 3.9 vs 2.5 visits), and a more significant perceived reduction of work performance (82.1% vs 56.7%). They also were more likely to believe that menopause significantly reduced their work capacity (67.0% vs 24.0%), had a higher prevalence of job dismissals (6.9% vs 2.0%), and more voluntary resignations or early retirements (8.1% vs 4.7%). Binary logistic regression determined that severe menopausal symptoms, subsequently adjusted for covariates, were primarily associated with more work absenteeism (aOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.41-1.90), more medical visits (aOR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.97-3.05), decreased work performance (aOR: 3.13; CI 95%: 2.65-3.69), the perception of menopause negatively impacting their work performance (aOR: 5.84; 95% CI: 5.01-6.80), more job dismissals (aOR: 3.23; 95% CI: 2.21-4.72), and more voluntary resignations or early retirements (aOR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.08-1.93). CONCLUSION: In this large sample of midlife Latin American women, severe menopausal symptoms were associated with reduced work capacity and adverse work-related outcomes. Copyright © 2025 by The Menopause Society.
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Severe menopausal symptoms linked to cognitive impairment: an exploratory study
(2024)
Calle Miñaca, Andrés
;
Juan E. Blümel
;
Peter Chedraui
;
María S. Vallejo
;
Alejandra Belardo
Objective To evaluate the association between menopausal symptoms and cognitive decline in postmenopausal women. Methods This was a subanalysis of a cross-sectional, observational study conducted among women attending gynecological consultations across nine Latin American countries. The survey involved late postmenopausal women who were asked to complete a general questionnaire and the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) to assess menopausal symptoms, with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment used to evaluate cognitive function as an outcome. A Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of less than 21 was used to define women with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Results The study included 1,287 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 55.5 years and a mean body mass index of 26.3 kg/m2. On average, participants had 13.8 years of education and 2.3 ± 1.8 children, with 72.8% reporting having a partner. Additionally, 36.7% ever used menopausal hormone therapy. Regarding lifestyle factors, 50.3% engaged in a sedentary lifestyle, whereas 70.5% had never smoked. 15.3% of women had MCI exhibited significantly more intense menopausal symptoms compared with those without MCI (MRS total score 15.24 ± 12.58 vs 10.53 ± 8.84, respectively, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between severe menopausal symptoms (MRS total score ≥14 points) and MCI (odds ratio [OR], 1.74; 95% CI, 1.25-2.42). Conversely, a lower body mass index (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98), sexual activity (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51-0.96), physical exercise (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.39-0.76), menopausal hormone therapy use (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.24-0.55), and higher educational level (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.21-0.46) were associated with lower odds for MCI. Conclusion Severe menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women were associated with cognitive impairment. This study highlights the intricate interplay between hormonal, lifestyle, and sociodemographic factors and cognitive health.
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