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Topological Analysis Techniques for Improving Neural Network Performance in COVID-19 Detection Using Persistent Homology
(2024)
Israel Reyes
;
Karen Cáceres-Benítez
;
Ana Marcillo
;
Andre Vera
;
Carolina Cadena-Morejón
In this study, we employ topological data analysis techniques on neural networks applied in COVID-19 detection, aiming to improve their predictive power. Leveraging the power of persistent homology, a mathematical tool for extracting topological features from intricate datasets, we turned chest X-ray images into a representation of the topological features. This representation was used to train and test the ability of neural networks to learn topological properties from images. We examine neural networks trained on chest radiographs containing both COVID-19 positive and negative cases. Our results suggest that, by identifying specific topological features correlated with COVID-19 detection, we may enhance the performance of the neural network models and analyze the underlying factors contributing to high accuracy rate of detection. The findings from this study contribute as exploratory advance in the field of medical imaging analysis and disease detection, showcasing the potential of topological analysis within neural networks.
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Analysis of the Spread and Evolution of COVID-19 Mutations in Ecuador Using Open Data
(2024)
Guevara Maldonado, César Byron
;
Dennys Coronel
;
Byron Salazar
;
Jorge Salazar
;
Arias Flores, Hugo Patricio
Currently, the analyses of and prediction using COVID-19-related data extracted from patient information repositories compiled by hospitals and health organizations are of paramount importance. These efforts significantly contribute to vaccine development and the formulation of contingency techniques, providing essential tools to prevent resurgence and to effectively manage the spread of the disease. In this context, the present research focuses on analyzing the biological information of the SARS-CoV-2 viral gene sequences and the clinical data of COVID-19-affected patients using publicly accessible data from Ecuador. This involves considering variables such as age, gender, and geographical location to understand the evolution of mutations and their distributions across Ecuadorian provinces. The Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) methodology is applied for data analysis. Various data preprocessing and statistical analysis techniques are employed, including Pearson correlation, the chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical diagrams and charts are used to facilitate a better visualization of the results. The results illuminate the genetic diversity of the virus and its correlation with clinical variables, offering a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of COVID-19 spread in Ecuador. Critical variables influencing population vulnerability are highlighted, and the findings underscore the significance of mutation monitoring and indicate a need for global expansion of the research area.
22
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Implementing a Pulmonary Telerehabilitation Program for Young Adults with Post-COVID-19 Conditions: A Pilot Study
(2024)
Wilmer Esparza
;
Alfredo Noboa
;
Camila Madera
;
Patricia Acosta-Vargas
;
Gloria Acosta-Vargas
Background: Several studies have shown that pulmonary telerehabilitation (PTR) improves respiratory capacity. However, there is little evidence of its effectiveness in youth with post-COVID-19 conditions (PCC). This study analyzed the effects of a PTR program on young adults with PCC. Methods: Sixteen youths were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) or an experimental group (EG), with eight participants each. The EG participated in a PTR program that included twelve remote, asynchronous four-week sessions with diaphragmatic breathing and aerobic exercises. Vital signs (SpO2, HR, RR, BP), physical capacity (sit-to-stand test), cardiorespiratory capacity (6-Minute Walk Test), and perceived exertion (Borg scale) were assessed in both groups. Results: Statistical analyses showed a significant decrease in RR and HR (p < 0.012) and an increase in SpO2 (p < 0.042), physical (p < 0.012), and respiratory (p < 0.028) capacity. Perceived effort decreased significantly in both groups (CG: p < 0.006; EG: p < 0.001) only for physical but not for cardiorespiratory capacity (p < 0.106). There were no statistical changes registered in BP (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The PTR program, which includes respiratory and aerobic exercises, is feasible and effective in improving physical and cardiorespiratory capacity in young people with PCC, as well as reducing HR, RR, and dyspnea.
21
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Using Artificial Intelligence and X-ray Images to Train and Predict COVID-19 and Pneumonia: Tool for Diagnosis and Treatment
(2025)
Bryan Juárez-Gonzalez
;
Fernando Villalba-Meneses
;
Jonathan Cruz-Varela
;
Andrés Tirado-Espín
;
Paulina Vizcaino-Imacaña
In January 2022, Ecuador experienced a peak in COVID-19 cases, with 890,541 confirmed cases and 35,658 deaths. During 2019-2020, influenza and pneumonia also ranked among the top causes of death. Traditional chest X-rays and chest CT scans are commonly used for diagnosing COVID-19, but studies by Wong et al. indicate that chest X-rays are less sensitive compared to CT scans unless artificial intelligence is utilized. Tahir et al. highlighted that AI models such as U-net and neural networks achieve high diagnostic accuracy, with U-Net++ and ResNet18 models showing sensitivities above 99% and perfect specificity using a large dataset of 33,920 chest X-ray images. The rapid detection of symptoms could have helped in prioritizing critical care, potentially reducing deaths. In the current study, it is demonstrated that combining AI with chest X-rays can achieve a binary accuracy above 98% for COVID-19 detection using transfer learning with Xception, VGG16, and VGG19 neural networks. Using 27,052 chest X-ray images, the VGG19 model achieved an excellent F1-score of 98.53% for COVID-19 and normal class classification. The VGG19 model also performed well in multiclass classification with an F1-score above 89%. The study concludes that AI-enhanced diagnostic tools, such as VGG19, are valuable for hospitals in diagnosing COVID-19 and future improvements might include larger datasets and enhanced segmentation techniques.
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